{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:38:32Z","timestamp":1775039912943,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ricerca Corrente of the Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022_2771963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022_2771963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a highly prevalent autoimmune disease causing the destruction of pancreatic islet \u03b2-cells. The resulting insulin production deficiency leads to a lifelong need for insulin re-placement therapy, systemic complications, and reduced life quality and expectancy. Cell therapy has been extensively attempted to restore insulin independence (IID), and autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHST) has appeared to give the most promising results, but with a highly variable quote of patients achieving IID across the studies. We performed a comprehensive review of the trials involving stem cells, and in particular AHST, for the treatment of T1DM. We then pooled the patients enrolled in the different trials and looked for the patient characteristics that could be associated with the achievement of IID. We found a significantly higher probability of achieving IID in older patients (OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.06\u20131.33, p = 0.002) and a significantly lower probability in patients with a history of ketoacidosis (OR 0.23, 95%CI 0.06\u20130.78, p = 0.023). This suggests that there could be a population of patients more likely to benefit from AHST, but further data would be required to depict the profile of the ideal candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T01:37:02Z","timestamp":1680226622000},"page":"1054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Human Hematopoietic Stem\/Progenitor Cells in Type One Diabetes Mellitus Treatment: Is There an Ideal Candidate?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermes","family":"Carulli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Programme in Translational Medicine, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunit\u00e0, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Pompilio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Universit\u00e0 di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6323-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Vinci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vascular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2004). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 27, S5\u2013S10.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2007.S5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060244","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes: Pathogenesis and prevention","volume":"175","author":"Gillespie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2020.18","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the world: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mobasseri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1497","article-title":"Prevalence of diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes among US adults in 2016 and 2017: Population based study","volume":"362","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.05.011","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Maahs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036068","article-title":"Glycemic Control, Cardiac Autoimmunity, and Long-Term Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"139","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K.B., Ostolaza, H., and Mart\u00edn, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000044","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2014-000044","article-title":"Complication characteristics between young-onset type 2 versus type 1 diabetes in a UK population","volume":"3","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.0686","article-title":"Association of Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed During Childhood and Adolescence with Complications During Teenage Years and Young Adulthood","volume":"317","author":"Dabelea","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3857-4","article-title":"Life expectancy of type 1 diabetic patients during 1997\u20132010: A national Australian registry-based cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Huo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, M.K., and Kim, M.Y. (2021). What Affects Quality of Life for People with Type 1 Diabetes?: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147623"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Diabetes: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Tsalamandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007273430401","article-title":"Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen","volume":"343","author":"Shapiro","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030620313","article-title":"The Distribution of Colony-Forming Cells among Spleen Colonies","volume":"62","author":"Siminovitch","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Cell Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/156652412798376125","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cells: Transcriptional regulation, ex vivo expansion and clinical application","volume":"12","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1755","article-title":"Long-term Prediction of Cardiovascular Outcomes by Circulating CD34+ and CD34+CD133+ Stem Cells in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Fadini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinci, M.C., Carulli, E., Rurali, E., Rinaldi, R., Damiano, G., Raucci, A., Pompilio, G., and Genovese, S. (2022). The Long Telling Story of \u201cEndothelial Progenitor Cells\u201d: Where Are We at Now?. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010112"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V75.12.2417.2417","article-title":"Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"75","author":"Fina","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.3109\/14653249.2012.729817","article-title":"Is CD34 truly a negative marker for mesenchymal stromal cells?","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.08.012","article-title":"Self-renewal, multipotency, and the existence of two cell populations within an epithelial stem cell niche","volume":"118","author":"Blanpain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1661","article-title":"Concise review: Evidence for CD34 as a common marker for diverse progenitors","volume":"32","author":"Sidney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5302.964","article-title":"Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis","volume":"275","author":"Asahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinci, M.C., Gambini, E., Bassetti, B., Genovese, S., and Pompilio, G. (2020). When Good Guys Turn Bad: Bone Marrow\u2019s and Hematopoietic Stem Cells\u2019 Role in the Pathobiology of Diabetic Complications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113864"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"10","article-title":"Circulating and tissue resident endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"229","author":"Basile","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.226969","article-title":"Endothelial fate and angiogenic properties of human CD34+ progenitor cells in zebrafish","volume":"31","author":"Pozzoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308366","article-title":"Levels of Circulating Progenitor Cells, Cardiovascular Outcomes and Death: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies","volume":"118","author":"Rigato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.495","article-title":"Low circulating CD34+ cell count is associated with poor prognosis in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"74","author":"Maruyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.92","article-title":"Circulating CD34-positive cells have prognostic value for neurologic function in patients with past cerebral infarction","volume":"29","author":"Taguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-960X(92)90008-E","article-title":"Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Craig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041679","article-title":"Thymic output generates a new and diverse TCR repertoire after autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"201","author":"Muraro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.14.1568","article-title":"Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"297","author":"Voltarelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.5.527","article-title":"Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"295","author":"Burt","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.253286","article-title":"Exosomes from human CD34(+) stem cells mediate their proangiogenic paracrine activity","volume":"109","author":"Sahoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.644518","article-title":"CD34-positive cells exhibit increased potency and safety for therapeutic neovascularization after myocardial infarction compared with total mononuclear cells","volume":"114","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0164","article-title":"Generation of insulin-producing cells from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by genetic manipulation","volume":"25","author":"Karnieli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859638","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.859638","article-title":"Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: From Insulin Replacement to Beta-Cell Replacement","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2008.10.004","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow-derived rat mesenchymal stem cells promote PDX-1 and insulin expression in the islets, alter T cell cytokine pattern and preserve regulatory T cells in the periphery and induce sustained normoglycemia","volume":"32","author":"Boumaza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2008.03.003","article-title":"In vitro cultivation of islet-like cell clusters from human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"151","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chao, K.C., Chao, K.F., Fu, Y.S., and Liu, S.H. (2008). Islet-like clusters derived from mesenchymal stem cells in Wharton\u2019s Jelly of the human umbilical cord for transplantation to control type 1 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001451"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1393","article-title":"Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo","volume":"26","author":"Kroon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1711","article-title":"Maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors into functional islets capable of treating pre-existing diabetes in mice","volume":"61","author":"Rezania","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101477","article-title":"Emerging diabetes therapies: Bringing back the \u03b2-cells","volume":"60","author":"Basile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12702","article-title":"iPSC technology-based regenerative therapy for diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Kondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Badawy, A., and El-Badri, N. (2016). Clinical Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151938"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2019.0421","article-title":"The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Stem Cell Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trim.2022.101740","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of stem-cell therapy on diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Pires","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transpl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.470","article-title":"C-peptide levels and insulin independence following autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"301","author":"Couri","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.147","article-title":"Independence of exogenous insulin following immunoablation and stem cell reconstitution in newly diagnosed diabetes type I","volume":"46","author":"Snarski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.294","article-title":"Immunoablation and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: Long-term observations","volume":"51","author":"Snarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2188","article-title":"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation modulates immunocompetent cells and improves \u03b2-cell function in Chinese patients with new onset of type 1 diabetes","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2161","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis influences complete remission after treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ye, L., Hu, J., Tang, W., Liu, R., Yang, M., Hong, J., Wang, W., Ning, G., and Gu, W. (2012). Acute response of peripheral blood cell to autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in type 1 diabetic patient. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031887"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2776","article-title":"Long-Term Insulin Independence in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Using a Simplified Autologous Stem Cell Transplant","volume":"101","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2017.12.006","article-title":"Clinical benefits of autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in type 1 diabetes patients","volume":"44","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1101","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition with MK0431 improves islet graft survival in diabetic NOD mice partially via T-cell modulation","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6360.176","article-title":"Plasmapheresis in the initial treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in children","volume":"286","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq414","article-title":"Analysis of immune reconstitution after autologous CD34+ stem\/progenitor cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis: Predominant reconstitution of Th1 CD4+ T cells","volume":"50","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0295","article-title":"Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in new-onset type 1 diabetes: A multicenter analysis","volume":"63","author":"Franek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0542-1","article-title":"Immune response after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.889525","article-title":"Early immunotherapy using autologous adult stem cells reversed the effect of anti-pancreatic islets in recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus: Preliminary results","volume":"19","author":"Mesples","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12072","article-title":"Effect of a single autologous cord blood infusion on beta-cell and immune function in children with new onset type 1 diabetes: A non-randomized, controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Giannopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1406","article-title":"Autologous umbilical cord blood transfusion in young children with type 1 diabetes fails to preserve C-peptide","volume":"34","author":"Haller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.04.011","article-title":"Autologous umbilical cord blood infusion followed by oral docosahexaenoic acid and vitamin D supplementation for C-peptide preservation in children with Type 1 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Haller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0967","article-title":"Autologous umbilical cord blood transfusion in very young children with type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Haller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02417-3","article-title":"One repeated transplantation of allogeneic umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells in type 1 diabetes: An open parallel controlled clinical study","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0171","article-title":"Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cell with Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation in Established Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Open-Label Clinical Study to Assess Safety and Impact on Insulin Secretion","volume":"39","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ12-0343","article-title":"Long term effects of the implantation of Wharton\u2019s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells from the umbilical cord for newly-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00016","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Diabetes: Achievements and Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Kamal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"541","article-title":"The Effect of Fetal Liver-Derived Cell Suspension Allotransplantation on Patients with Diabetes: First Year of Follow-up","volume":"50","author":"Maryam","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Med. Iran."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"27","article-title":"Insulin Independence after Fetal Liver-Derived Cell Suspension Allotransplantation in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study","volume":"44","author":"Maryam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"36","article-title":"Application of Allotransplantation of Fetal Liver-derived Stem-Cells for Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes: A Single-arm, Phase 3 Clinical Trial","volume":"44","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0656","article-title":"Preserved \u03b2-cell function in type 1 diabetes by mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"64","author":"Carlsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582382","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/582382","article-title":"Cotransplantation of adipose tissue-derived insulin-secreting mesenchymal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells: A novel therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"2010","author":"Vanikar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2015.03.608","article-title":"Insulin-secreting adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells with bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells from autologous and allogenic sources for type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Thakkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00443-4","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the \u03b2-cell (do not blame the immune system?)","volume":"17","author":"Roep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2005.03.008","article-title":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation prevents diabetes in NOD mice but does not contribute to significant islet cell regeneration once disease is established","volume":"33","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi4742","article-title":"Preventing type 1 diabetes in childhood","volume":"373","author":"Dayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/7\/1054\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:07:40Z","timestamp":1760123260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/7\/1054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells12071054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12071054","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]}}}