{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:55:36Z","timestamp":1784555736758,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"department of Anesthesia-Critical Care, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende AV, Bruges, Belgium"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) remains a challenge for intensivists that is exacerbated by lack of an effective diagnostic tool and an unambiguous definition to properly identify SAE patients. Risk factors for SAE development include age, genetic factors as well as pre-existing neuropsychiatric conditions. Sepsis due to certain infection sites\/origins might be more prone to encephalopathy development than other cases. Currently, ICU management of SAE is mainly based on non-pharmacological support. Pre-clinical studies have described the role of the alarmin high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in the complex pathogenesis of SAE. Although there are limited data available about the role of HMGB1 in neuroinflammation following sepsis, it has been implicated in other neurologic disorders, where its translocation from the nucleus to the extracellular space has been found to trigger neuroinflammatory reactions and disrupt the blood\u2013brain barrier. Negating the inflammatory cascade, by targeting HMGB1, may be a strategy to complement non-pharmacologic interventions directed against encephalopathy. This review describes inflammatory cascades implicating HMGB1 and strategies for its use to mitigate sepsis-induced encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T01:39:26Z","timestamp":1680658766000},"page":"1088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1): Potential Target in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bram","family":"DeWulf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia\u2014Critical Care, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende AV, 8000 Bruges, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurens","family":"Minsart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Verdonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, GRC 29, DMU DREAM, H\u00f4pital Saint-Antoine and Sorbonne University, Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Kruys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9201-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Piagnerelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, CHU-Charleroi, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 6042 Charleroi, Belgium"},{"name":"Experimental Medicine Laboratory (ULB Unit 222), CHU-Charleroi, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9794-2472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervyn","family":"Maze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia\u2014Critical Care, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende AV, 8000 Bruges, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Gene, Department of Molecular Biology, Free University of Brussels (ULB), 6041 Gosselies, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03026.x","article-title":"A new group of chromatin-associated proteins with a high content of acidic and basic amino acids","volume":"38","author":"Goodwin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Eur. 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