{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T13:05:07Z","timestamp":1790082307279,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19\/0593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/0593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["PI19\/0593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/0593"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons for which effective therapies are lacking. One of the most explored areas of research in ALS is the discovery and validation of biomarkers that can be applied to clinical practice and incorporated into the development of innovative therapies. The study of biomarkers requires an adequate theoretical and operational framework, highlighting the \u201cfit-for-purpose\u201d concept and distinguishing different types of biomarkers based on common terminology. In this review, we aim to discuss the current status of fluid-based prognostic and predictive biomarkers in ALS, with particular emphasis on those that are the most promising ones for clinical trial design and routine clinical practice. Neurofilaments in cerebrospinal fluid and blood are the main prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. Furthermore, several candidates exist covering various pathological aspects of the disease, such as immune, metabolic and muscle damage markers. Urine has been studied less often and should be explored for its possible advantages. New advances in the knowledge of cryptic exons introduce the possibility of discovering new biomarkers. Collaborative efforts, prospective studies and standardized procedures are needed to validate candidate biomarkers. A combined biomarkers panel can provide a more detailed disease status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T02:30:03Z","timestamp":1681785003000},"page":"1180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Biofluid Biomarkers in the Prognosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Recent Developments and Therapeutic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sanchez-Tejerina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Universitat Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4655-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnau","family":"Llaurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Sotoca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Lopez-Diego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Vidal Taboada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Universitat Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Salvado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Juntas-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Peripheral Nervous System Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Rare Neuromuscular Diseases (ERN EURO-NMD), Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medicine Department, Universitat Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelon, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17071","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.71","article-title":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Hardiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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