{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:03:31Z","timestamp":1791975811234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Early Career Investigator Award from the National Ataxia Foundation to Roderick Maas"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The degenerative ataxias comprise a heterogeneous group of inherited and acquired disorders that are characterized by a progressive cerebellar syndrome, frequently in combination with one or more extracerebellar signs. Specific disease-modifying interventions are currently not available for many of these rare conditions, which underscores the necessity of finding effective symptomatic therapies. During the past five to ten years, an increasing number of randomized controlled trials have been conducted examining the potential of different non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to induce symptomatic improvement. In addition, a few smaller studies have explored deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the dentate nucleus as an invasive means to directly modulate cerebellar output, thereby aiming to alleviate ataxia severity. In this paper, we comprehensively review the clinical and neurophysiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and dentate nucleus DBS in patients with hereditary ataxias, as well as the presumed underlying mechanisms at the cellular and network level and perspectives for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12081193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T01:42:39Z","timestamp":1681954959000},"page":"1193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The Therapeutic Potential of Non-Invasive and Invasive Cerebellar Stimulation Techniques in Hereditary Ataxias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Benussi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0517-0119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgi","family":"Batsikadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8036-2439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubens G.","family":"Cury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roderick P. P. W. M.","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Ataxia","volume":"25","author":"Kuo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx317","article-title":"The cerebellar cognitive affective\/Schmahmann syndrome scale","volume":"141","author":"Hoche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.4.561","article-title":"The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome","volume":"121","author":"Schmahmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-017-0885-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cerebellar Diseases and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"17","author":"Salman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0074-3","article-title":"Spinocerebellar ataxia","volume":"5","author":"Klockgether","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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