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New techniques have arisen that can improve bone replacement or repair. 3D bioprinting employs a printer capable of printing biological materials in multiple directions. 3D bioprinting potentially requires multiple steps and additional support structures, which may include the use of hydrogels for scaffolding. In this review, we discuss normal bone physiology and pathophysiology and how bioprinting can be adapted to further the field of bone tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12091230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T06:20:42Z","timestamp":1682317242000},"page":"1230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Applications for Bone Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jamie A.","family":"Maresca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The John B. Pierce Laboratory, University of New Haven, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4154-6886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek C.","family":"DeMel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2621-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grayson A.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The John B. 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