{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T18:12:06Z","timestamp":1792433526476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C1092597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1092597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1I1A1A01070793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01070793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Basic Science Research Program through the NRF of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C1092597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1092597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Basic Science Research Program through the NRF of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1I1A1A01070793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1I1A1A01070793"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood biomarkers have been considered tools for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Although amyloid-\u03b2 peptide (A\u03b2) and tau are primarily blood biomarkers, recent studies have identified other reliable candidates that can serve as measurable indicators of pathological conditions. One such candidate is the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocytic cytoskeletal protein that can be detected in blood samples. Increasing evidence suggests that blood GFAP levels can be used to detect early-stage AD. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate GFAP in peripheral blood as a biomarker for AD and provide an overview of the evidence regarding its utility. Our analysis revealed that the GFAP level in the blood was higher in the A\u03b2-positive group than in the negative groups, and in individuals with AD or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to the healthy controls. Therefore, we believe that the clinical use of blood GFAP measurements has the potential to accelerate the diagnosis and improve the prognosis of AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12091309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T02:03:18Z","timestamp":1683165798000},"page":"1309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":315,"title":["GFAP as a Potential Biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3705-6449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ka Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Young","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keun-A","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio-Medical Sciences, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1932-x","article-title":"Current state of Alzheimer\u2019s fluid biomarkers","volume":"136","author":"Molinuevo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160907","article-title":"Recent Progress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research, Part 3: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"57","author":"Hane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.111","article-title":"A systemic view of Alzheimer disease\u2014Insights from amyloid-beta metabolism beyond the brain","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1566067","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The amyloid cascade hypothesis","volume":"256","author":"Hardy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837390","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.837390","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Biomarkers Revisited From the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis Standpoint","volume":"16","author":"Alawode","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205016666190517121140","article-title":"Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Maccioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113613","article-title":"Amyloid precursor protein processing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, K., Abdullah, M., and Michikawa, M. (2020). Current Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From CSF to Blood. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030085"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auso, E., Gomez-Vicente, V., and Esquiva, G. (2020). Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Early Diagnosis. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030114"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02471-y","article-title":"Tau proteins in blood as biomarkers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other proteinopathies","volume":"129","author":"Verde","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2021.1917289","article-title":"Development of molecular tools for diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease that are based on detection of amyloidogenic proteins","volume":"15","author":"Kulichikhin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mankhong, S., Kim, S., Lee, S., Kwak, H.B., Park, D.H., Joa, K.L., and Kang, J.H. (2022). Development of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Biomarkers: From CSF- to Blood-Based Biomarkers. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040850"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"135","article-title":"Inconsistencies and controversies surrounding the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.Y., Shin, K.Y., and Chang, K.A. (2021). Brain-Derived Exosomal Proteins as Effective Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11070980"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01279-X","article-title":"Inhibition of tau phosphorylating protein kinase cdk5 prevents beta-amyloid-induced neuronal death","volume":"459","author":"Alvarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.67.6.733","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme and endothelial nitric oxide synthase DNA polymorphisms and late onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"67","author":"Alvarez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2967","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and tau--a toxic pas de deux in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Ittner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01008","article-title":"Neuroinflammation as a Common Feature of Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"10","author":"Maccioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-017-0073-9","article-title":"A Review of Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Moving from CSF to Blood","volume":"6","author":"Blennow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.05.015","article-title":"Astrocyte phenotype in relation to Alzheimer-type pathology in the ageing brain","volume":"31","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00361-6","article-title":"Blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Towards clinical implementation","volume":"21","author":"Teunissen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17513","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602841103","article-title":"Redefining the concept of reactive astrocytes as cells that remain within their unique domains upon reaction to injury","volume":"103","author":"Wilhelmsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.11.004","article-title":"Neuroglia in neurodegeneration","volume":"63","author":"Heneka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.087031","article-title":"Evidence for astrocytosis in prodromal Alzheimer disease provided by 11C-deuterium-L-deprenyl: A multitracer PET paradigm combining 11C-Pittsburgh compound B and 18F-FDG","volume":"53","author":"Carter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2018.11.006","article-title":"Astrocyte Biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Carter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-90","article-title":"(3)H-deprenyl and (3)H-PIB autoradiography show different laminar distributions of astroglia and fibrillar beta-amyloid in Alzheimer brain","volume":"10","author":"Marutle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3047-0","article-title":"Astrocytosis precedes amyloid plaque deposition in Alzheimer APPswe transgenic mouse brain: A correlative positron emission tomography and in vitro imaging study","volume":"42","author":"Ni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv404","article-title":"Diverging longitudinal changes in astrocytosis and amyloid PET in autosomal dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"139","author":"Carter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16404","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16404","article-title":"Early astrocytosis in autosomal dominant Alzheimer\u2019s disease measured in vivo by multi-tracer positron emission tomography","volume":"5","author":"Scholl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15565","article-title":"Reactive astrogliosis: A friend or foe in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"164","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01093-6","article-title":"Diagnostic value of plasma p-tau181, NfL, and GFAP in a clinical setting cohort of prevalent neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"14","author":"Baiardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3671","article-title":"Differences between Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels across the Alzheimer Disease Continuum","volume":"78","author":"Benedet","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180325","article-title":"Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in Serum is Increased in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Correlates with Cognitive Impairment","volume":"67","author":"Oeckl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"e112","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviewsDeclaracion PRISMA 2020: Una guia actualizada para la publicacion de revisiones sistematicas","volume":"46","author":"Page","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Panam. Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-219001","article-title":"Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels Differ Along the Spectra of Amyloid Burden and Clinical Disease Stage (vol 78, pg 265, 2020)","volume":"80","author":"Asken","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00942-0","article-title":"The accuracy and robustness of plasma biomarker models for amyloid PET positivity","volume":"14","author":"Benedet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200608","article-title":"Serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Is a Marker of Disease Severity in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration","volume":"77","author":"Benussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.012","article-title":"Astrogliosis and episodic memory in late life: Higher GFAP is related to worse memory and white matter microstructure in healthy aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Bettcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12745","article-title":"Amyloid-beta misfolding and GFAP predict risk of clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis within 17 years","volume":"19","author":"Beyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01137-1","article-title":"Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is elevated in cognitively normal older adults at risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12447","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic plasma biomarkers for preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12724","article-title":"Plasma A\u03b242\/40 ratio, p-tau181, GFAP, and NfL across the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study in the AIBL cohort","volume":"19","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327788","article-title":"Differential levels of plasma biomarkers of neurodegeneration in Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, frontotemporal dementia and progressive supranuclear palsy","volume":"93","author":"Chouliaras","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00804-9","article-title":"Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein detects Alzheimer pathology and predicts future conversion to Alzheimer dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"13","author":"Cicognola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1315","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200035","article-title":"Association of CSF, Plasma, and Imaging Markers of Neurodegeneration with Clinical Progression in People with Subjective Cognitive Decline","volume":"98","author":"Ebenau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12556","article-title":"Comparison of serum neurodegenerative biomarkers among hospitalized COVID-19 patients versus non-COVID subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer\u2019s dementia","volume":"18","author":"Frontera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12164","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12164","article-title":"Blood biomarkers for dementia in Hispanic and non-Hispanic White adults","volume":"7","author":"Gonzales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Transl. Res. Clin. Interv."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e12298","article-title":"Blood biomarkers for cognitive decline and clinical progression in a Mexican American cohort","volume":"14","author":"Gonzales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00616-3","article-title":"Blood GFAP as an emerging biomarker in brain and spinal cord disorders","volume":"18","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328547","article-title":"Serum GFAP differentiates Alzheimer\u2019s disease from frontotemporal dementia and predicts MCI-to-dementia conversion","volume":"93","author":"Oeckl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12751","article-title":"An accurate fully automated panel of plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887498","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.887498","article-title":"Real-world applicability of glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light chain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Parvizi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab223","article-title":"Plasma GFAP is an early marker of amyloid-beta but not tau pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"144","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00990-0","article-title":"Combining plasma phospho-tau and accessible measures to evaluate progression to Alzheimer\u2019s dementia in mild cognitive impairment patients","volume":"14","author":"Palmqvist","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01051-2","article-title":"Inflammatory plasma biomarkers in subjects with preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Prins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05897-4","article-title":"Reactive astrogliosis is associated with higher cerebral glucose consumption in the early Alzheimer\u2019s continuum","volume":"49","author":"Salvado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e12291","article-title":"Association of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) with neuroimaging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular pathology","volume":"14","author":"Shir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12283","article-title":"The diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Simren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12806","article-title":"Differences between blood and cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary Acidic protein levels: The effect of sample stability","volume":"18","author":"Simren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac128","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers and genetics in the diagnosis and prediction of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"146","author":"Heslegrave","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12614","article-title":"Association of plasma biomarkers, p-tau181, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and neurofilament light, with intermediate and long-term clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk: Results from a prospective cohort followed over 17 years","volume":"19","author":"Stocker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e12285","article-title":"Differential diagnostic performance of a panel of plasma biomarkers for different types of dementia","volume":"14","author":"Thijssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00682-7","article-title":"Combination of plasma amyloid beta((1-42\/1-40)) and glial fibrillary acidic protein strongly associates with cerebral amyloid pathology","volume":"12","author":"Verberk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasa, A.F., Chircov, C., and Grumezescu, A.M. (2020). Body Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-An Up-To-Date Overview. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100421"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paraskevaidi, M., Allsop, D., Karim, S., Martin, F.L., and Crean, S. (2020). Diagnostic Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Using Non-Invasive Specimens. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061673"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omar, S.H., and Preddy, J. (2020). Advantages and Pitfalls in Fluid Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030063"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200528142429","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170203125942","article-title":"Biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Mantzavinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30159-X","article-title":"Strategic roadmap for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on biomarkers","volume":"16","author":"Frisoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e874","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201289","article-title":"Longitudinal Changes in Blood Biomarkers of Clinical Alzheimer Disease in a Biracial Population Sample","volume":"100","author":"Rajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.172676","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein for differentiating intracerebral hemorrhage and cerebral ischemia in patients with symptoms of acute stroke","volume":"58","author":"Foerch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.1.138","article-title":"Measurement of glial fibrillary acidic protein in human blood: Analytical method and preliminary clinical results","volume":"45","author":"Missler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, T., Prins, S., Groeneveld, G.J., Van Westen, G., de Vries, H.E., Wong, Y.C., Bischoff, L.J.M., and de Lange, E.C.M. (2020). Utility of Animal Models to Understand Human Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Using the Mastermind Research Approach to Avoid Unnecessary Further Sacrifices of Animals. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093158"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170228","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.170228","article-title":"The role of astrocytes in amyloid production and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Frost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2018.02.002","article-title":"Looking for novel, brain-derived, peripheral biomarkers of neurological disorders","volume":"52","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2011.12.005","article-title":"Drug delivery to the brain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Consideration of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"64","author":"Banks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050798","article-title":"Caspase-mediated cleavage of glial fibrillary acidic protein within degenerating astrocytes of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain","volume":"168","author":"Mouser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108624","article-title":"Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein is a body fluid biomarker: A valuable prognostic for neurological disease\u2014A systematic review","volume":"107","author":"Heimfarth","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00124-X","article-title":"Inflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Akiyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25874","article-title":"Remote Blood Biomarkers of Longitudinal Cognitive Outcomes in a Population Study","volume":"88","author":"Rajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"326","article-title":"Blood Based Biomarker for Optimization of Early and Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"90","author":"Hansen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fortschr. Neurol. Psyc"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.02.004","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the astrocyte intermediate filament system in diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Hol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurga, A.M., Paleczna, M., Kadluczka, J., and Kuter, K.Z. (2021). Beyond the GFAP-Astrocyte Protein Markers in the Brain. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11091361"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-321954","article-title":"Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is raised in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia","volume":"91","author":"Heller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, C.A., Brunkhorst, R., Niessner, M., Pfeilschifter, W., Steinmetz, H., and Foerch, C. (2013). Blood levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in patients with neurological diseases. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062101"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51188","article-title":"Plasma NfL and GFAP as biomarkers of spinal cord degeneration in adrenoleukodystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Huffnagel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neur"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2014.933237","article-title":"Evaluation of eight plasma proteins as candidate blood-based biomarkers for malignant gliomas","volume":"32","author":"Lange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1159\/000172632","article-title":"Characterisation of the diagnostic window of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein for the differentiation of intracerebral haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"Dvorak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215639","article-title":"Blood Phosphorylated Tau 181 as a Biomarker for Amyloid Burden on Brain PET in Cognitively Healthy Adults","volume":"87","author":"McGrath","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/9\/1309\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:28:53Z","timestamp":1760124533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/9\/1309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cells12091309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12091309","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]}}}