{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:45:07Z","timestamp":1789706707500,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HL163570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL163570"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HL138749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL138749"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HL147565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL147565"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["HL130233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL130233"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["DK104116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK104116"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["DK113775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK113775"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01-DK098511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK098511"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01-DK121227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK121227"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01-DK132888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK132888"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["K08-HL151747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-HL151747"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["IBX004658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBX004658"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["916828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["916828"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["HL163570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL163570"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["HL138749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL138749"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["HL147565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL147565"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["HL130233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL130233"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["DK104116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK104116"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["DK113775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK113775"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["R01-DK098511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK098511"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["R01-DK121227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK121227"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["R01-DK132888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK132888"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["K08-HL151747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-HL151747"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["IBX004658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBX004658"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","award":["916828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["916828"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["HL163570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL163570"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["HL138749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL138749"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["HL147565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL147565"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["HL130233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL130233"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["DK104116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK104116"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["DK113775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK113775"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["R01-DK098511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK098511"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["R01-DK121227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK121227"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["R01-DK132888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DK132888"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["K08-HL151747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08-HL151747"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["IBX004658"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBX004658"]}]},{"name":"AHA fellowship","award":["916828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["916828"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) choose hemodialysis as their treatment of choice. Thus, upper-extremity veins provide a functioning arteriovenous access to reduce dependence on central venous catheters. However, it is unknown whether CKD reprograms the transcriptome of veins and primes them for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure. To examine this, we performed transcriptomic analyses of bulk RNA sequencing data of veins isolated from 48 CKD patients and 20 non-CKD controls and made the following findings: (1) CKD converts veins into immune organs by upregulating 13 cytokine and chemokine genes, and over 50 canonical and noncanonical secretome genes; (2) CKD increases innate immune responses by upregulating 12 innate immune response genes and 18 cell membrane protein genes for increased intercellular communication, such as CX3CR1 chemokine signaling; (3) CKD upregulates five endoplasmic reticulum protein-coding genes and three mitochondrial genes, impairing mitochondrial bioenergetics and inducing immunometabolic reprogramming; (4) CKD reprograms fibrogenic processes in veins by upregulating 20 fibroblast genes and 6 fibrogenic factors, priming the vein for AVF failure; (5) CKD reprograms numerous cell death and survival programs; (6) CKD reprograms protein kinase signal transduction pathways and upregulates SRPK3 and CHKB; and (7) CKD reprograms vein transcriptomes and upregulates MYCN, AP1, and 11 other transcription factors for embryonic organ development, positive regulation of developmental growth, and muscle structure development in veins. These results provide novel insights on the roles of veins as immune endocrine organs and the effect of CKD in upregulating secretomes and driving immune and vascular cell differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:10:53Z","timestamp":1685203853000},"page":"1482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Chronic Kidney Disease Transdifferentiates Veins into a Specialized Immune\u2013Endocrine Organ with Increased MYCN-AP1 Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fatma","family":"Saaoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laisel","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keman","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia L","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avrum","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Tabbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alghidak","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6854-6195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"},{"name":"Section of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto I.","family":"Vazquez-Padron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, N.R., Fatoba, S.T., Oke, J.L., Hirst, J.A., O\u2019Callaghan, C.A., Lasserson, D.S., and Hobbs, F.D.R. (2016). Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A7","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2021.01.002","article-title":"US Renal Data System 2020 Annual Data Report: Epidemiology of Kidney Disease in the United States","volume":"77","author":"Johansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10481013","article-title":"Risk of ESRD and death in patients with CKD not referred to a nephrologist: A 7-year prospective study","volume":"9","author":"Minutolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"281","article-title":"Cell-based therapies for experimental chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Papazova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.114","article-title":"Inflammatory processes in renal fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2020.04.005","article-title":"KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access 2019 Update: Kinder, Gentler, and More Important Than Ever","volume":"31","author":"Trerotola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111155","article-title":"Hemodialysis Vascular Access Modifies the Association between Dialysis Modality and Survival","volume":"22","author":"Perl","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e305","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and healthcare use associated with optimal ESRD starts","volume":"24","author":"Crooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03490413","article-title":"Novel paradigms for dialysis vascular access: Downstream vascular biology\u2013is there a final common pathway?","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7069","article-title":"Lysophospholipids and Their Receptors Serve as Conditional DAMPs and DAMP Receptors in Tissue Oxidative and Inflammatory Injury","volume":"28","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2741\/4595","article-title":"Uremic toxins are conditional danger- or homeostasis-associated molecular patterns","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101460","article-title":"End-stage renal disease is different from chronic kidney disease in upregulating ROS-modulated proinflammatory secretome in PBMCs\u2014A novel multiple-hit model for disease progression","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858256","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.858256","article-title":"Aorta in Pathologies May Function as an Immune Organ by Upregulating Secretomes for Immune and Vascular Cell Activation, Differentiation and Trans-Differentiation\u2014Early Secretomes may Serve as Drivers for Trained Immunity","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"158183","article-title":"Aorta- and liver-generated TMAO enhances trained immunity for increased inflammation via ER stress\/mitochondrial ROS\/glycolysis pathways","volume":"8","author":"Saaoud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005030","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1005030","article-title":"Vein morphometry in end-stage kidney disease: Teasing out the contribution of age, comorbidities, and vintage to chronic wall remodeling","volume":"9","author":"Labissiere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tinti, F., Lai, S., Noce, A., Rotondi, S., Marrone, G., Mazzaferro, S., Di Daniele, N., and Mitterhofer, A.P. (2021). Chronic Kidney Disease as a Systemic Inflammatory Syndrome: Update on Mechanisms Involved and Potential Treatment. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11050419"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kimmel, P.L., and Rosenberg, M.E. (2015). Chronic Renal Disease, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J., and He, W. (2020). Chronic Kidney Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9131-7"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-1046-0","article-title":"Inflammation in chronic kidney disease: Role in the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"Silverstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.12.035","article-title":"Transcriptomics of Human Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: Genes Associated With Nonmaturation","volume":"74","author":"Martinez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.01.008","article-title":"The Transcriptomics of the Human Vein Transformation After Arteriovenous Fistula Anastomosis Uncovers Layer-Specific Remodeling and Hallmarks of Maturation Failure","volume":"8","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632239","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.632239","article-title":"Tissue Treg Secretomes and Transcription Factors Shared with Stem Cells Contribute to a Treg Niche to Maintain Treg-Ness with 80% Innate Immune Pathways, and Functions of Immunosuppression and Tissue Repair","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-016-9700-6","article-title":"Lysophospholipid Receptors, as Novel Conditional Danger Receptors and Homeostatic Receptors Modulate Inflammation-Novel Paradigm and Therapeutic Potential","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MR0617-250R","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of inflammasome signaling","volume":"103","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.05.020","article-title":"Caspases in Cell Death, Inflammation, and Disease","volume":"50","author":"Lamkanfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.2741\/4127","article-title":"Inflammasomes: Sensors of metabolic stresses for vascular inflammation","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305282","article-title":"Early Hyperlipidemia Promotes Endothelial Activation via a Caspase-1-Sirtuin 1 Pathway","volume":"35","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-016-9683-3","article-title":"Caspase-1 Plays a Critical Role in Accelerating Chronic Kidney Disease-Promoted Neointimal Hyperplasia in the Carotid Artery","volume":"9","author":"Ferrer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.2741\/4337","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease alters vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype","volume":"20","author":"Monroy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M.M., Yang, X., Wang, H., Saaoud, F., Sun, Y., and Fong, D. (2019). The Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Links Vascular Dysfunctions and the Autoimmune Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081821"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107634","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucan Induces Protective Trained Immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection: A Key Role for IL-1","volume":"31","author":"Moorlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315452","article-title":"Trained Immunity and Reactivity of Macrophages and Endothelial Cells","volume":"41","author":"Drummer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddstr.2008.11.003","article-title":"Vascular inflammation and atherogenesis are activated via receptors for pamps and suppressed by regulatory t cells","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Ther. Strateg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17485","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.641191","article-title":"Inhibition of caspase-1 activation in endothelial cells improves angiogenesis -A novel therapeutic potential for ischemia","volume":"290","author":"Ferrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2741\/4383","article-title":"Caspase-1 mediates hyperlipidemia-weakened progenitor cell vessel repair","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fagenson, A.M., Xu, K., Saaoud, F., Nanayakkara, G., Jhala, N.C., Liu, L., Drummer, C., Sun, Y., Lau, K.N., and Di Carlo, A. (2020). Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury, Enhanced by Trained Immunity, Is Attenuated in Caspase 1\/Caspase 11 Double Gene Knockout Mice. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110879"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-016-0351-5","article-title":"Novel extracellular and nuclear caspase-1 and inflammasomes propagate inflammation and regulate gene expression: A comprehensive database mining study","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113883","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1113883","article-title":"Caspase-11 promotes high-fat diet-induced NAFLD by increasing glycolysis, OXPHOS, and pyroptosis in macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Drummer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Cheng, A., Cheng, K., Deng, Q., Zhang, S., Lan, Z., Wang, W., and Chen, J. (2020). New Insights into the Mechanisms of Pyroptosis and Implications for Diabetic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197057"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678201","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678201","article-title":"Canonical Secretomes, Innate Immune Caspase-1-, 4\/11-Gasdermin D Non-Canonical Secretomes and Exosomes May Contribute to Maintain Treg-Ness for Treg Immunosuppression, Tissue Repair and Modulate Anti-Tumor Immunity via ROS Pathways","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554301","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.554301","article-title":"Approaching Inflammation Paradoxes\u2014Proinflammatory Cytokine Blockages Induce Inflammatory Regulators","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.12.040","article-title":"Active Caspase-1 Is a Regulator of Unconventional Protein Secretion","volume":"132","author":"Keller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.064840","article-title":"Global Characterization of Protein Secretion from Human Macrophages Following Non-canonical Caspase-4\/5 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"16","author":"Lorey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00818","article-title":"Low-Intensity Ultrasound-Induced Anti-inflammatory Effects Are Mediated by Several New Mechanisms Including Gene Induction, Immunosuppressor Cell Promotion, and Enhancement of Exosome Biogenesis and Docking","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"iii43","article-title":"Role of cytokines in the innate immune response to intracellular pathogens","volume":"60","author":"Stenger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773473","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.773473","article-title":"Novel Knowledge-Based Transcriptomic Profiling of Lipid Lysophosphatidylinositol-Induced Endothelial Cell Activation","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314330","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Cells and Innate Immunity","volume":"40","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101221","article-title":"Increased acetylation of H3K14 in the genomic regions that encode trained immunity enzymes in lysophosphatidylcholine-activated human aortic endothelial cells\u2014Novel qualification markers for chronic disease risk factors and conditional DAMPs","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653110","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.653110","article-title":"Endothelial Immunity Trained by Coronavirus Infections, DAMP Stimulations and Regulated by Anti-Oxidant NRF2 May Contribute to Inflammations, Myelopoiesis, COVID-19 Cytokine Storms and Thromboembolism","volume":"12","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00284","article-title":"Trained Immunity: An Underlying Driver of Inflammatory Atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(03)00479-9","article-title":"Histone Methyltransferases Direct Different Degrees of Methylation to Define Distinct Chromatin Domains","volume":"12","author":"Rice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.967202","article-title":"Set9, a novel histone H3 methyltransferase that facilitates transcription by precluding histone tail modifications required for heterochromatin formation","volume":"16","author":"Nishioka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107548","article-title":"The Set7 Lysine Methyltransferase Regulates Plasticity in Oxidative Phosphorylation Necessary for Trained Immunity Induced by \u03b2-Glucan","volume":"31","author":"Keating","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.10.016","article-title":"SET7\/9 methylation of the pluripotency factor LIN28A is a nucleolar localization mechanism that blocks let-7 biogenesis in human ESCs","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaoud, F., Shao, Y., Cornwell, W., Wang, H., Rogers, T., and Yang, X. (2022). Cigarette smoke modulates inflammation and immunity via ROS-regulated trained immunity and trained tolerance mechanisms. Antioxid. Redox Signal.","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2022.0087"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19307","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.663286","article-title":"Interleukin-35 Inhibits Endothelial Cell Activation by Suppressing MAPK-AP-1 Pathway","volume":"290","author":"Sha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.690081","article-title":"Interleukin-17A Promotes Aortic Endothelial Cell Activation via Transcriptionally and Post-translationally Activating p38 MAPK Pathway","volume":"291","author":"Mai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2741\/4710","article-title":"Co-signaling receptors regulate T-cell plasticity and immune tolerance","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.10.002","article-title":"Intercellular communication for innate immunity","volume":"86","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2019.07.007","article-title":"Intercellular communication in the innate immune system through the cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"625","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-8722-6-61","article-title":"An evolving new paradigm: Endothelial cells\u2014Conditional innate immune cells","volume":"6","author":"Mai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183021","article-title":"Regulation of Adaptive Immunity by the Innate Immune System","volume":"327","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"152511","article-title":"IL-35 promotes CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and inhibits atherosclerosis via maintaining CCR5-amplified Treg-suppressive mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.001","article-title":"The Evolution of Adaptive Immune Systems","volume":"124","author":"Cooper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00045","article-title":"GATA3, HDAC6, and BCL6 Regulate FOXP3+ Treg Plasticity and Determine Treg Conversion into Either Novel Antigen-Presenting Cell-Like Treg or Th1-Treg","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espi, M., Koppe, L., Fouque, D., and Thaunat, O. (2020). Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Immune Dysfunctions: Impact of Protein-Bound Uremic Retention Solutes on Immune Cells. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050300"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1017\/erm.2022.35","article-title":"Metabolic signatures of immune cells in chronic kidney disease","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"abl5197","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl5197","article-title":"Cross-tissue immune cell analysis reveals tissue-specific features in humans","volume":"376","author":"Conde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e5","article-title":"Tissue-specific Role of CX3CR1 Expressing Immune Cells and Their Relationships with Human Disease","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16158-z","article-title":"Distinct fate, dynamics and niches of renal macrophages of bone marrow or embryonic origins","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101696","article-title":"ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stresses in organelle metabolic processes","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popkov, V.A., Silachev, D.N., Zalevsky, A.O., Zorov, D.B., and Plotnikov, E.Y. (2019). Mitochondria as a Source and a Target for Uremic Toxins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20123094"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.473","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease reduces muscle mitochondria and exercise endurance and its exacerbation by dietary protein through inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase","volume":"85","author":"Tamaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V6168","article-title":"Effects of chronic renal failure on enzymes of energy metabolism in individual human muscle fibers","volume":"6","author":"Conjard","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1541","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1011","article-title":"MitoCarta3.0: An updated mitochondrial proteome now with sub-organelle localization and pathway annotations","volume":"49","author":"Rath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12208","article-title":"The role of mitochondrial function and cellular bioenergetics in ageing and disease","volume":"169","author":"Brand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D521","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl923","article-title":"HMDB: The Human Metabolome Database","volume":"35","author":"Wishart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-017-0048-3","article-title":"Resident fibroblasts in the kidney: A major driver of fibrosis and inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Sato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0922-4","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomes of the human skin reveal age-related loss of fibroblast priming","volume":"3","author":"Raddatz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627396","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.627396","article-title":"Identification of Common Genes and Pathways in Eight Fibrosis Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0003112021","article-title":"Arteriovenous Fistula Nonmaturation: What\u2019s the Immune System Got to Do with It?","volume":"2","author":"Farrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4891","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004891","article-title":"Dual Function for Mature Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Arteriovenous Fistula Remodeling","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00600","article-title":"Experimental Data-Mining Analyses Reveal New Roles of Low-Intensity Ultrasound in Differentiating Cell Death Regulatome in Cancer and Non-cancer Cells via Potential Modulation of Chromatin Long-Range Interactions","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04397-x","article-title":"XDeathDB: A visualization platform for cell death molecular interactions","volume":"12","author":"Gadepalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200508","article-title":"PANoptosis: A Unique Innate Immune Inflammatory Cell Death Modality","volume":"209","author":"Pandian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-019-0164-5","article-title":"The molecular machinery of regulated cell death","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(98)00056-4","article-title":"Protein Phosphorylation and Signal Transduction","volume":"82","author":"Graves","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.3036","article-title":"The crucial role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling and its use as targeted therapy (Review)","volume":"40","author":"Ardito","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juszczak, F., Caron, N., Mathew, A.V., and Decl\u00e8ves, A.-E. (2020). Critical Role for AMPK in Metabolic Disease-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217994"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tain, Y.-L., and Hsu, C.-N. (2018). AMP-Activated Protein Kinase as a Reprogramming Strategy for Hypertension and Kidney Disease of Developmental Origin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061744"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001729","article-title":"mTOR Inhibition and Kidney Diseases","volume":"102","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.208306","article-title":"Kinome expression profiling to target new therapeutic avenues in multiple myeloma","volume":"105","author":"Bruyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-011-0256-x","article-title":"Novel role of NADPH oxidase in ischemic myocardium: A study with Nox2 knockout mice","volume":"12","author":"Thirunavukkarasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.07.027","article-title":"Transcriptome analyses reveal genes of alternative splicing associated with muscle development in chickens","volume":"676","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17877","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.013529","article-title":"Genetic diseases of the Kennedy pathways for membrane synthesis","volume":"295","author":"Tavasoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2003.12.001","article-title":"Structure and function of choline kinase isoforms in mammalian cells","volume":"43","author":"Aoyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2333","article-title":"Congenital Megaconial Myopathy Due to a Novel Defect in the Choline Kinase Beta Gene","volume":"69","author":"Kalra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2538","article-title":"A census of human transcription factors: Function, expression and evolution","volume":"10","author":"Vaquerizas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2013.05.002","article-title":"Skeletal muscle programming and re-programming","volume":"23","author":"Fong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.8","article-title":"A decade of transcription factor-mediated reprogramming to pluripotency","volume":"17","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hishikawa, A., Hayashi, K., and Itoh, H. (2018). Transcription Factors as Therapeutic Targets in Chronic Kidney Disease. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23051123"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2730-7","article-title":"iPSCs-based generation of vascular cells: Reprogramming approaches and applications","volume":"75","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-013-1007-3","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress in angiogenesis and vascular disease","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713170","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.713170","article-title":"Organelle Crosstalk Regulators Are Regulated in Diseases, Tumors, and Regulatory T Cells: Novel Classification of Organelle Crosstalk Regulators","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.230","article-title":"A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010","volume":"88","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01279-6","article-title":"The risk trajectory of different cardiovascular morbidities associated with chronic kidney disease among patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus: A propensity score-matched cohort analysis","volume":"20","author":"Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kent, S., Schlackow, I., Lozano-K\u00fchne, J., Reith, C., Emberson, J., Haynes, R., Gray, A., Cass, A., Baigent, C., and Landray, M.J. (2015). What is the impact of chronic kidney disease stage and cardiovascular disease on the annual cost of hospital care in moderate-to-severe kidney disease?. BMC Nephrol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-015-0054-0"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04746-6","article-title":"Update on the creation and maintenance of arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis in children","volume":"36","author":"Preka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01610216","article-title":"New Insights into Dialysis Vascular Access: Impact of Preexisting Arterial and Venous Pathology on AVF and AVG Outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Allon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422003","article-title":"Coronary-Artery Calcification in Young Adults with End-Stage Renal Disease Who Are Undergoing Dialysis","volume":"342","author":"Goodman","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2007.00823.x","article-title":"Vascular calcification and arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease: Implications and management","volume":"12","author":"Toussaint","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c40","DOI":"10.1159\/000071280","article-title":"Accelerated Progression of Calcific Aortic Stenosis in Dialysis Patients","volume":"94","author":"Perkovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27458-9_5","article-title":"Vascular Access For Hemodialysis Therapy","volume":"404","author":"Bode","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Comput. Intell."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, Y., Saaoud, F., Cornwell, W., Xu, K., Kirchhoff, A., Lu, Y., Jiang, X., Wang, H., Rogers, T.J., and Yang, X. (2022). Cigarette Smoke and Morphine Promote Treg Plasticity to Th17 via Enhancing Trained Immunity. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182810"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0465-0","article-title":"Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their instruction of CD4+ T helper cell responses","volume":"17","author":"Hilligan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.006","article-title":"Increased noncanonical splicing of autoantigen transcripts provides the structural basis for expression of untolerized epitopes","volume":"114","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80384-2","article-title":"A Novel Bcl-x Isoform Connected to the T Cell Receptor Regulates Apoptosis in T Cells","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52132.x","article-title":"The Relationship between the Immune and Endocrine Systems","volume":"816","author":"Chryssikopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/11\/1482\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:42:57Z","timestamp":1760125377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/11\/1482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cells12111482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12111482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]}}}