{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:47:18Z","timestamp":1790819238609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["JP11\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP11\/18"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Kragujevac, Serbia","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200111"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of Kragujevac, Serbia","award":["JP11\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP11\/18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an abrupt, variable inflammatory condition of the pancreas, potentially escalating to severe systemic inflammation, rampant pancreatic necrosis, and multi-organ failure. Its complex pathogenesis involves an intricate immune response, with different T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, TFH, Treg, and CD8+ T cells) and B cells playing pivotal roles. Early T cell activation initiates the AP development, triggering cytokines associated with the Th1 response, which stimulate macrophages and neutrophils. Other T cell phenotypes contribute to AP\u2019s pathogenesis, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines influences its progression. Regulatory T and B cells are crucial for moderating the inflammatory response and promoting immune tolerance. B cells further contribute through antibody production, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. Understanding these immune cells\u2019 roles in AP could aid in developing new immunotherapies to enhance patient outcomes. However, further research is required to define these cells\u2019 precise roles in AP and their potential as therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12111495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T03:39:36Z","timestamp":1685331576000},"page":"1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Emerging Roles of the Adaptive Immune Response in Acute Pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan P.","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica Dimitrijevic","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berislav","family":"Vekic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Cvetkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7144-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Spasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojana S.","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walkowska, J., Zielinska, N., Tubbs, R.S., Podg\u00f3rski, M., D\u0142ubek-Ruxer, J., and Olewnik, \u0141. 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