{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:25:01Z","timestamp":1791404701100,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation Gaydoul, the Baugarten Zurich Foundation"},{"name":"Olga Mayenfisch Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amniotic fluid has been proposed as an easily available source of cells for numerous applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The use of amniotic fluid cells in biomedical applications necessitates their unequivocal characterization; however, the exact cellular composition of amniotic fluid and the precise tissue origins of these cells remain largely unclear. Using cells cultured from the human amniotic fluid of fetuses with spina bifida aperta and of a healthy fetus, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize the tissue origin and marker expression of cultured amniotic fluid cells at the single-cell level. Our analysis revealed nine different cell types of stromal, epithelial and immune cell phenotypes, and from various fetal tissue origins, demonstrating the heterogeneity of the cultured amniotic fluid cell population at a single-cell resolution. It also identified cell types of neural origin in amniotic fluid from fetuses with spina bifida aperta. Our data provide a comprehensive list of markers for the characterization of the various progenitor and terminally differentiated cell types in cultured amniotic fluid. This study highlights the relevance of single-cell analysis approaches for the characterization of amniotic fluid cells in order to harness their full potential in biomedical research and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T01:34:32Z","timestamp":1686188072000},"page":"1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["scRNA-Seq of Cultured Human Amniotic Fluid from Fetuses with Spina Bifida Reveals the Origin and Heterogeneity of the Cellular Content"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasia","family":"Dasargyri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daym\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7612-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Rehrauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Reichmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6438-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Biedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6418-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ueli","family":"Moehrlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Pediatric Surgery, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211290","article-title":"Amniotic Fluid: Not Just Fetal Urine Anymore","volume":"25","author":"Underwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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