{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:54:50Z","timestamp":1792979690690,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MRC iCase PhD studentship","award":["209511\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209511\/Z\/17\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust Senior Research fellowship","award":["209511\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["209511\/Z\/17\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The liver performs a multitude of bodily functions, whilst retaining the ability to regenerate damaged tissue. In this review, we discuss sex steroid biology, regulation of mammalian liver physiology and the development of new model systems to improve our understanding of liver biology in health and disease. A major risk factor for the development of liver disease is hepatic fibrosis. Key drivers of this process are metabolic dysfunction and pathologic activation of the immune system. Although non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is largely regarded as benign, it does progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a subset of patients, increasing their risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD susceptibility varies across the population, with obesity and insulin resistance playing a strong role in the disease development. Additionally, sex and age have been identified as important risk factors. In addition to the regulation of liver biochemistry, sex hormones also regulate the immune system, with sexual dimorphism described for both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, sex differences in liver metabolism, immunity and their interplay are important factors to consider when designing, studying and developing therapeutic strategies to treat human liver disease. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a general overview of sex steroid biology and their regulation of mammalian liver physiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1686533301000},"page":"1604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["The Influence of Sex Hormones in Liver Function and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alvile","family":"Kasarinaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1292-799X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Sinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 9TA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9051-9380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippa T. K.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7593-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lanza, R., Langer, R., Vacanti, J., and Atala, A. (2020). Principles of Tissue Engineering, Elsevier. [5th ed.]. Chapter 40."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorn, A.M. (2008). 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