{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:01:46Z","timestamp":1789153306126,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology is one of the most advanced engineering platforms for cancer immunotherapy. CAR-T cells have shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, their limitations in solid tumors include an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), insufficient tumor infiltration, toxicity, and the absence of tumor-specific antigens. Although recent advances in CAR-T cell design\u2014such as the incorporation of co-stimulatory domains and the development of armored CAR-T cells\u2014have shown promising results in treating solid tumors, there are still challenges that need to be addressed. To overcome these limitations, other immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages (M), have been developed as attractive options for efficient cancer immunotherapy of solid tumors. CAR-NK cells exhibit substantial clinical improvements with \"off-the-shelf\" availability and low toxicity. CAR-M cells have promising therapeutic potential because macrophages can infiltrate the TME of solid tumors. Here, we review the recent advances and future perspectives associated with engineered immune cell-based cancer immunotherapies for solid tumors. We also summarize ongoing clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of engineered immune cells, such as CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M, for targeting solid tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T01:28:21Z","timestamp":1686533301000},"page":"1606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Recent Advances in CAR-Based Solid Tumor Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Hwa","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunha","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Hwan","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So Young","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hyuk","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dohsik","family":"Minn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0337-2","article-title":"The future of cancer immunotherapy: Microenvironment-targeting combinations","volume":"30","author":"Warner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.927153","article-title":"CAR-T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Current Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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