{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:08:33Z","timestamp":1791590913193,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by structural deterioration and low bone mass, leading to fractures and significant health complications. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which B-lymphocytes and neutrophils contribute to the development of osteoporosis and potential therapeutics targeting these immune mediators to reduce the proinflammatory milieu. B-lymphocytes\u2014typically appreciated for their canonical role in adaptive, humoral immunity\u2014have emerged as critical regulators of bone remodeling. B-lymphocytes communicate with osteoclasts and osteoblasts through various cytokines, including IL-7, RANK, and OPG. In inflammatory conditions, B-lymphocytes promote osteoclast activation and differentiation. However, B-lymphocytes also possess immunomodulatory properties, with regulatory B-lymphocytes (Bregs) secreting TGF-\u03b21 to restrain pathogenic osteoclastogenesis. Neutrophils, the body\u2019s most prevalent leukocyte, also contribute to the proinflammatory environment that leads to osteoporotic bone remodeling. In aged individuals, neutrophils display reduced chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. Understanding the delicate interplay between B-lymphocytes and neutrophils in the context of impaired bone metabolism is crucial for targeted therapies for osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1688086266000},"page":"1744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The Inflammatory Contribution of B-Lymphocytes and Neutrophils in Progression to Osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Drew","family":"Frase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2706-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chidambaram","family":"Nachiappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richa","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil","family":"Akkouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medical Engineering Program, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General (2004). 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