{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T06:50:21Z","timestamp":1792824621280,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82060661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81660751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81660151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20212BAB206092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212BAB206092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GJJ218104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ218104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JXJG-22-130-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JXJG-22-130-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82060661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060661"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81660751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660751"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81660151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660151"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20212BAB206092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212BAB206092"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["GJJ218104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ218104"]}]},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JXJG-22-130-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JXJG-22-130-1"]}]},{"name":"Educational Commission of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["82060661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060661"]}]},{"name":"Educational Commission of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["81660751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660751"]}]},{"name":"Educational Commission of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["81660151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660151"]}]},{"name":"Educational Commission of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["20212BAB206092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212BAB206092"]}]},{"name":"Educational Commission of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["GJJ218104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ218104"]}]},{"name":"Educational Commission of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["JXJG-22-130-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JXJG-22-130-1"]}]},{"name":"teaching reform research project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["82060661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82060661"]}]},{"name":"teaching reform research project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["81660751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660751"]}]},{"name":"teaching reform research project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["81660151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660151"]}]},{"name":"teaching reform research project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["20212BAB206092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212BAB206092"]}]},{"name":"teaching reform research project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["GJJ218104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ218104"]}]},{"name":"teaching reform research project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["JXJG-22-130-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JXJG-22-130-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterized by autoimmunity, synovial inflammation and joint destruction. Pannus formation in the synovial cavity can cause irreversible damage to the joint and cartilage and eventually permanent disability. Current conventional treatments for RA have limitations regarding efficacy, safety and cost. microRNA (miRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. The dysregulation of miRNA has been observed in RA patients and implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. miRNAs have emerged as potential biomarkers or therapeutic agents. In this review, we explore the role of miRNAs in various aspects of RA pathophysiology, including immune cell imbalance, the proliferation and invasion of fibroblast-like synovial (FLS) cell, the dysregulation of inflammatory signaling and disturbance in angiogenesis. We delve into the regulatory effects of miRNAs on Treg\/Th17 and M1\/M2 polarization, the activation of the NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling pathway, neovascular formation, energy metabolism induced by FLS-cell-induced energy metabolism, apoptosis, osteogenesis and mobility. These findings shed light on the potential applications of miRNAs as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers for RA management. Furthermore, there are some strategies to regulate miRNA expression levels by utilizing miRNA mimics or exosomes and to hinder miRNA activity via competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network-based antagonists. We conclude that miRNAs offer a promising avenue for RA therapy with unlimited potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1688086266000},"page":"1749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Role of miRNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4425-2165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China"},{"name":"Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou 344100, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center of Chronic Disease Research in Fuzhou City, Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Fuzhou 344100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Foreign Language, Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou 344100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6440-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fenfang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Centre of Pathogen Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-6255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shulong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chronic Diseases, Fuzhou Medical University, Fuzhou 344000, China"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou 344100, China"},{"name":"Technology Innovation Center of Chronic Disease Research in Fuzhou City, Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau, Fuzhou 344100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"388","author":"Smolen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779787","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.779787","article-title":"Glycolysis Rate-Limiting Enzymes: Novel Potential Regulators of Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab133","article-title":"TSP1 is the essential domain of SEMA5A involved in pannus formation in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, S., Kwon, E.-J., and Lee, J.J. (2022). Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenic Roles of Diverse Immune Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020905"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.49","article-title":"Immunometabolism in early and late stages of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Weyand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.69","article-title":"Hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction and synovial invasiveness in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1004965","article-title":"The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"365","author":"McInnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620920","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.620920","article-title":"The Emerging Roles of Endocrine Hormones in Different Arthritic Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Bertoldo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000471","article-title":"Epigenetics of inflammatory arthritis","volume":"30","author":"Hammaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2019-0028","article-title":"Epigenetically regulated co-expression network of genes significant for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12428","article-title":"Clustered miRNAs and their role in biological functions and diseases","volume":"93","author":"Kabekkodu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Target recognition and regulatory functions","volume":"136","author":"Bartel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deviatkin, A.A., Vakulenko, Y.A., Akhmadishina, L.V., Tarasov, V.V., Beloukhova, M.I., Zamyatnin, A.A., and Lukashev, A.N. (2020). Emerging Concepts and Challenges in Rheumatoid Arthritis Gene Therapy. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8010009"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114368","article-title":"Traditional herbal medicine: Therapeutic potential in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.03.010","article-title":"Regulation of neutrophil pro-inflammatory functions sheds new light on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"165","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102391","article-title":"MicroRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis: From pathogenesis to clinical impact","volume":"18","author":"Evangelatos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.07.003","article-title":"The role of miRNA in inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102438","article-title":"Clinical significance of miRNAs in autoimmunity","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.181029","article-title":"Development and Validation of a MicroRNA Panel to Differentiate Between Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Controls","volume":"47","author":"Ormseth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01367","article-title":"MicroRNA-155 Controls T Helper Cell Activation During Viral Infection","volume":"10","author":"Saferding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00856","article-title":"The Emerging Epigenetic Role of CD8+T Cells in Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26205","article-title":"Altered Expression of MicroRNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"119","author":"Tavasolian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01179-1","article-title":"Dynamic transcriptional activity and chromatin remodeling of regulatory T cells after varied duration of interleukin-2 receptor signaling","volume":"23","author":"Moro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1266-6","article-title":"Differential roles of TNF\u03b1-TNFR1 and TNF\u03b1-TNFR2 in the differentiation and function of CD4Foxp3 induced Treg cells in vitro and in vivo periphery in autoimmune diseases","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50308","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202050308","article-title":"The deubiquitinase USP44 promotes Treg function during inflammation by preventing FOXP3 degradation","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572858","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.572858","article-title":"Th17\/Treg-Related Transcriptional Factor Expression and Cytokine Profile in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Wajda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02381","article-title":"Serum microRNA Profiles Serve as Novel Biomarkers for Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00764-y","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2-induced CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate Notch1 signaling through miR-449a and prevent collagen-induced arthritis in a murine model","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.4RU0619-197R","article-title":"Th17 cell pathogenicity and plasticity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2017.12.007","article-title":"A cellular and molecular view of T helper 17 cell plasticity in autoimmunity","volume":"87","author":"Stadhouders","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113822","article-title":"MicroRNA let-7g-5p alleviates murine collagen-induced arthritis by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2021.104382","article-title":"MicroRNA-26b-5p alleviates murine collagen-induced arthritis by modulating Th17 cell plasticity","volume":"365","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00178","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Ameliorates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Suppression of Th17 Cells Through miR-124 Mediated Inhibition of IL-6 Signaling","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213511","article-title":"Maresin 1 improves the Treg\/Th17 imbalance in rheumatoid arthritis through miR-21","volume":"77","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-020-03960-y","article-title":"Implications of microRNA 21 and its involvement in the treatment of different type of arthritis","volume":"476","author":"Sekar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"4029","article-title":"An analysis of Treg\/Th17 cells imbalance associated microRNA networks regulated by moxibustion therapy on Zusanli (ST36) and Shenshu (BL23) in mice with collagen induced arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3748","article-title":"The transcriptional coactivator TAZ regulates reciprocal differentiation of T17 cells and T cells","volume":"18","author":"Geng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14452","article-title":"Th17 cells transdifferentiate into regulatory T cells during resolution of inflammation","volume":"523","author":"Gagliani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00353","article-title":"Effector Functions of CD4+ T Cells at the Site of Local Autoimmune Inflammation-Lessons From Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Chemin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(00)01829-9","article-title":"Role of CD30+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: A counter-regulatory paradigm for Th1-driven diseases","volume":"22","author":"Gerli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02349-y","article-title":"T helper cells in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis primarily have a Th1 and a CXCR3+Th2 phenotype","volume":"22","author":"Aldridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072468","article-title":"Autoregulation of Th1-mediated inflammation by twist1","volume":"205","author":"Niesner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40939","article-title":"Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation by Twist 1 in the Metabolic Adaptation of T Helper Lymphocytes to Chronic Inflammation","volume":"71","author":"Hradilkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201444633","article-title":"miR-148a is upregulated by Twist1 and T-bet and promotes Th1-cell survival by regulating the proapoptotic gene Bim","volume":"45","author":"Haftmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.08.012","article-title":"Function of miR-146a in controlling Treg cell-mediated regulation of Th1 responses","volume":"142","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1053\/berh.2001.0187","article-title":"The balance of Th1\/Th2 cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"15","author":"Kalden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.11.015","article-title":"A role for Th1-like Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders","volume":"105","author":"Kamali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.080341","article-title":"Th1 but not Th17 cells predominate in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2021.12.022","article-title":"MicroRNA-10b promotes arthritis development by disrupting CD4+ T cell subtypes","volume":"27","author":"Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic. Acids."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02217","article-title":"Functional Regulation of Macrophage Phenotypes by MicroRNAs in Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Niu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00513-0","article-title":"Enhancement of CCL2 expression and monocyte migration by CCN1 in osteoblasts through inhibiting miR-518a-5p: Implication of rheumatoid arthritis therapy","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.10.016","article-title":"Monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: Circulating precursors of macrophages and osteoclasts and, their heterogeneity and plasticity role in RA pathogenesis","volume":"65","author":"Rana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-019-01567-3","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1-elicited miR-29b potentiates resistance to apoptosis in peripheral blood monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01111","article-title":"Molecular Characterization of Monocyte Subsets Reveals Specific and Distinctive Molecular Signatures Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Barbarroja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5972","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29313","article-title":"Delivery of miR-146a to Ly6C Monocytes Inhibits Pathogenic Bone Erosion in Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"8","author":"Ammari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01406","article-title":"Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Differentiation in Inflammatory Arthritis Is Regulated by the JAK\/STAT Axis via NADPH Oxidase Regulation","volume":"11","author":"Marzaioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.147","article-title":"Altered dendritic cell functions in autoimmune diseases: Distinct and overlapping profiles","volume":"12","author":"Coutant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutant, F. (2021). Shaping of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cell Development and Function by Environmental Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413670"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.018","article-title":"Human inflammatory dendritic cells induce Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Segura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.010033","article-title":"High production of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokines by dendritic cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and down regulation upon FcgammaR triggering","volume":"63","author":"Radstake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.66.2.286","article-title":"Dendritic cells and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"66","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.12550","article-title":"Dendritic Cells from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient Peripheral Blood Induce Th17 Cell Differentiation via miR-363\/Integrin \u03b1v\/TGF-\u03b2 Axis","volume":"85","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2022.2089567","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in induction of trans-differentiation of neutrophils in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Bagchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R208","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4046","article-title":"Dendritic cells provide a potential link between smoking and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Kazantseva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.59876","article-title":"miR-223: An Effective Regulator of Immune Cell Differentiation and Inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764525","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.764525","article-title":"Editorial: Role of Macrophage MicroRNAs in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Renaudineau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.106105","article-title":"FC-99 reduces macrophage tenascin-C expression by upregulating miRNA-494 in arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26659","article-title":"MiR-548a-3p regulates inflammatory response via TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900386","article-title":"Monocyte\/Macrophage Abnormalities Specific to Rheumatoid Arthritis Are Linked to miR-155 and Are Differentially Modulated by Different TNF Inhibitors","volume":"203","author":"Paoletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3087","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.03087","article-title":"miR-221-3p Drives the Shift of M2-Macrophages to a Pro-Inflammatory Function by Suppressing JAK3\/STAT3 Activation","volume":"10","author":"Quero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2018.04.016","article-title":"B Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Effects of Anti-TNF-\u03b1 Agents on B Lymphocytes: A Review of the Literature","volume":"40","author":"Pala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663736","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.663736","article-title":"MicroRNA Expression Differences in Blood-Derived CD19+ B Cells of Methotrexate Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients","volume":"12","author":"Heinicke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.205047","article-title":"Impaired microRNA processing in neutrophils from rheumatoid arthritis patients confers their pathogenic profile. Modulation by biological therapies","volume":"105","author":"Cecchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95028-0","article-title":"MicroRNA-223 inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps formation through regulating calcium influx and small extracellular vesicles transmission","volume":"11","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravindran, M., Khan, M.A., and Palaniyar, N. (2019). Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation: Physiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080365"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1359-x","article-title":"Nomenclature clarification: Synovial fibroblasts and synovial mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.006","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"46","author":"Firestein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00570","article-title":"Epigenetic Changes in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Nemtsova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"2683","article-title":"The role of abnormal proliferation of RASFs in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Guangdong Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154048","article-title":"Lactate metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis: Pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic intervention with natural compounds","volume":"100","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23969","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23969","article-title":"Influences of the lncRNA TUG1-miRNA-34a-5p network on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis through targeting the lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA)","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1303-3","article-title":"Fibroblast-like synoviocyte metabolism in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Bustamante","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431399","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1431399","article-title":"Hypoxia Inhibits Osteogenesis and Promotes Adipogenesis of Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes via Upregulation of Leptin in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"2022","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934061","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.934061","article-title":"Connective tissue growth factor-targeting DNA aptamer suppresses pannus formation as diagnostics and therapeutics for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2133-2","article-title":"Resolvin D1 suppresses pannus formation via decreasing connective tissue growth factor caused by upregulation of miRNA-146a-5p in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41441","article-title":"MicroRNA-17-5p Reduces Inflammation and Bone Erosions in Mice With Collagen-Induced Arthritis and Directly Targets the JAK\/STAT Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes","volume":"72","author":"Najm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00859.x","article-title":"Fibroblast-like synoviocytes: Key effector cells in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"233","author":"Bartok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-009-0317-y","article-title":"Cell death in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Korb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14376","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103480","article-title":"MicroRNA-15a\/16\/SOX5 axis promotes migration, invasion and inflammatory response in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1920-0","article-title":"miR-449a inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation by regulating high-mobility group box protein 1 and forms a mutual inhibition loop with Yin Yang 1 in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S177128","article-title":"miR-708-5p promotes fibroblast-like synoviocytes\u2019 cell apoptosis and ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by the inhibition of Wnt3a\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug. Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5412","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.45214","article-title":"Identification of a novel microRNA-141-3p\/Forkhead box C1\/\u03b2-catenin axis associated with rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast function in vivo and in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1928::AID-ART331>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane","volume":"44","author":"Tylzanowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1703-z","article-title":"Osteogenic differentiation of fibroblast-like synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis is induced by microRNA-218 through a ROBO\/Slit pathway","volume":"20","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0413-5","article-title":"Restoring synovial homeostasis in rheumatoid arthritis by targeting fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"16","author":"Nygaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"e920611","article-title":"The Effects of microRNA-515-5p on the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)\/JNK Signaling Pathway and WNT1-Inducible-Signaling Pathway Protein 1 (WISP-1) Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synovial (RAFLS) Cells Following Treatment with Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa-B Ligand (RANKL)","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.25623","article-title":"Cyclin I is involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression","volume":"12","author":"Nagano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15857","article-title":"miR-34a in extracellular vesicles from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells reduces rheumatoid arthritis inflammation via the cyclin I\/ATM\/ATR\/p53 axis","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605616","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.605616","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of (5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide on Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis lncRNA WAKMAR2\/miR-4478\/E2F1\/p53 Axis","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.07.004","article-title":"NF-\u03baB: Blending metabolism, immunity, and inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Capece","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayakawa, K., Kawasaki, M., Hirai, T., Yoshida, Y., Tsushima, H., Fujishiro, M., Ikeda, K., Morimoto, S., Takamori, K., and Sekigawa, I. (2019). MicroRNA-766-3p Contributes to Anti-Inflammatory Responses through the Indirect Inhibition of NF-\u03baB Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040809"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.11.031","article-title":"MiR-23a inhibited IL-17-mediated proinflammatory mediators expression via targeting IKK\u03b1 in articular chondrocytes","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108042","article-title":"Micro RNAs 26b, 20a inversely correlate with GSK-3 \u03b2\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP-3 pathway to highlight the additive promising effects of atorvastatin and quercetin in experimental induced arthritis","volume":"99","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13167","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"194","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, N., Jeltema, D., Duan, Y., and He, Y. (2019). The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2022.01.002","article-title":"miR-223 in exosomes from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis via downregulation of NLRP3 expression in macrophages","volume":"143","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03562-6","article-title":"Protectin DX restores Treg\/T17 cell balance in rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome via miR-20a","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04349-5","article-title":"RelA\/MicroRNA-30a\/NLRP3 signal axis is involved in rheumatoid arthritis via regulating NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24076","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24076","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 and its targets (microRNA-21 and microRNA-125a) in rheumatoid arthritis: Altered expression and potential to monitor disease activity and treatment outcome","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2020.1857941","article-title":"Silencing long non-coding RNA NEAT1 attenuates rheumatoid arthritis via the MAPK\/ERK signalling pathway by downregulating microRNA-129 and microRNA-204","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-020-00419-6","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA PVT1 can regulate the proliferation and inflammatory responses of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by targeting microRNA-145-5p","volume":"33","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Cell."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01117-8","article-title":"microRNA-21 Aggravates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in MH7A Cells Through Targeting SNF5","volume":"43","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04098-1","article-title":"Long non-coding RNA GAS5 suppresses rheumatoid arthritis progression via miR-128-3p\/HDAC4 axis","volume":"476","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048850","article-title":"Loss of microRNA-147 function alleviates synovial inflammation through ZNF148 in rheumatoid and experimental arthritis","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009617666170630142725","article-title":"MicroRNA Key to Angiogenesis Regulation: MiRNA Biology and Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174500","article-title":"Angiogenesis as a potential treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"910","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737990","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.737990","article-title":"Apelin Promotes Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease the miR-525-5p\/Angiopoietin-1 Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C.-C., Tseng, T.-T., Liu, S.-C., Lin, Y.-Y., Law, Y.-Y., Hu, S.-L., Wang, S.-W., Tsai, C.-H., and Tang, C.-H. (2021). S1P Increases VEGF Production in Osteoblasts and Facilitates Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenesis by Inhibiting miR-16-5p Expression via the c-Src\/FAK Signaling Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10082168"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739592","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.739592","article-title":"Tocilizumab (TCZ) Decreases Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Its Regulatory Effect on miR-146a-5p and EMMPRIN\/CD147","volume":"12","author":"Zisman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800304","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Cell-Derived miRNA-150-5p-Expressing Exosomes in Rheumatoid Arthritis Mediated by the Modulation of MMP14 and VEGF","volume":"201","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7977","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S333465","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Exosomal circRNA Derived from Synovial Mesenchymal Cells via Targeting circEDIL3\/miR-485-3p\/PIAS3\/STAT3\/VEGF Functional Module in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633201","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.633201","article-title":"Serum miRNA Signature in Rheumatoid Arthritis and \u201cAt-Risk Individuals\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13644","article-title":"Circulating miR-99b-5p as a novel predictor of erosion progression on high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography in early rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foers, A.D., Garnham, A.L., Chatfield, S., Smyth, G.K., Cheng, L., Hill, A.F., Wicks, I.P., and Pang, K.C. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles in Synovial Fluid from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Contain miRNAs with Capacity to Modulate Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094910"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dudics, S., Venkatesha, S.H., and Moudgil, K.D. (2018). The Micro-RNA Expression Profiles of Autoimmune Arthritis Reveal Novel Biomarkers of the Disease and Therapeutic Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082293"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwamoto, N., Furukawa, K., Endo, Y., Shimizu, T., Sumiyoshi, R., Umeda, M., Koga, T., Kawashiri, S.-Y., Igawa, T., and Ichinose, K. (2021). Methotrexate Alters the Expression of microRNA in Fibroblast-like Synovial Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111561"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.02.007","article-title":"Berberine encapsulated PEG-coated liposomes attenuate Wnt1\/\u03b2-catenin signaling in rheumatoid arthritis via miR-23a activation","volume":"149","author":"Sujitha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105703","article-title":"Berberine coated mannosylated liposomes curtail RANKL stimulated osteoclastogenesis through the modulation of GSK3\u03b2 pathway via upregulating miR-23a","volume":"74","author":"Sujitha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4963","article-title":"Astragaloside regulates lncRNA LOC100912373 and the miR-17-5p\/PDK1 axis to inhibit the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rats with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01504-0","article-title":"Paeoniflorin Suppresses Rheumatoid Arthritis Development via Modulating the Circ-FAM120A\/miR-671-5p\/MDM4 Axis","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108616","article-title":"Triptolide inhibits cell growth and inflammatory response of fibroblast-like synoviocytes by modulating hsa-circ-0003353\/microRNA-31-5p\/CDK1 axis in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"106","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24071","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203644","article-title":"LncRNA MIR31HG is induced by tocilizumab and ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocyte-mediated inflammation via miR-214-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01009-7","article-title":"Exogenous miRNA: A Perspective Role as Therapeutic in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Saquib","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.11.016","article-title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"93","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00751-x","article-title":"Identification of novel rheumatoid arthritis-associated MiRNA-204-5p from plasma exosomes","volume":"54","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105887","article-title":"A review of liquid biopsy as a tool to assess epigenetic, cfDNA and miRNA variability as methotrexate response predictors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"173","author":"Daraghmeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110154","article-title":"Defining the structure of the NF-\u0138B pathway in human immune cells using quantitative proteomic data","volume":"88","author":"Kok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2020.1836488","article-title":"Icariin alleviates rheumatoid arthritis via regulating miR-223-3p\/NLRP3 signalling axis","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01912","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108634","article-title":"Application of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells as potential therapeutic tools in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases","volume":"106","author":"Huldani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/13\/1749\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:03:26Z","timestamp":1760126606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/13\/1749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells12131749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12131749","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}