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Most are caused by biallelic or, more rarely, dominant mutations in one of the likely hundreds of genes encoding PM proteins, i.e., ubiquitous centrosome or microtubule-associated proteins required for the division of neural progenitor cells in the embryonic brain. Here, we provide an overview of the different types of PMs, i.e., isolated PMs with or without malformations of cortical development and PMs associated with short stature (microcephalic dwarfism) or sensorineural disorders. We present an overview of the genetic, developmental, neurological, and cognitive aspects characterizing the most representative PMs. The analysis of phenotypic similarities and differences among patients has led scientists to elucidate the roles of these PM proteins in humans. Phenotypic similarities indicate possible redundant functions of a few of these proteins, such as ASPM and WDR62, which play roles only in determining brain size and structure. However, the protein pericentrin (PCNT) is equally required for determining brain and body size. Other PM proteins perform both functions, albeit to different degrees. Finally, by comparing phenotypes, we considered the interrelationships among these proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T00:45:37Z","timestamp":1688949937000},"page":"1807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Genetic Primary Microcephalies: When Centrosome Dysfunction Dictates Brain and Body Size"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Farcy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR144, Institut Curie, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8240-6218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassina","family":"Hachour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurologie P\u00e9diatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Bahi-Buisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurologie P\u00e9diatrique, DMU MICADO, APHP, H\u00f4pital Necker Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR-S 1163, Institut Imagine, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0242-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Passemard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service de Neurologie P\u00e9diatrique, DMU INOV-RDB, APHP, H\u00f4pital Robert Debr\u00e9, 75019 Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm UMR 1141, NeuroDiderot, 75019 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1393","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3172","article-title":"Head Growth and Neurocognitive Outcomes","volume":"135","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1086\/341283","article-title":"Identification of Microcephalin, a Protein Implicated in Determining the Size of the Human Brain","volume":"71","author":"Jackson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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