{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:30:51Z","timestamp":1784827851716,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre in Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre in Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/5\/0023\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/5\/0023\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre in Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["017\/02\/SNP\/0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/02\/SNP\/0025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Center for Research and Development (NCBR, Poland)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Center for Research and Development (NCBR, Poland)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/5\/0023\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/5\/0023\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Center for Research and Development (NCBR, Poland)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["017\/02\/SNP\/0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/02\/SNP\/0025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University","award":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/B\/NZ6\/01659"]}]},{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University","award":["LIDER\/5\/0023\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/5\/0023\/L-10\/18\/NCBR\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Adam Mickiewicz University","award":["017\/02\/SNP\/0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["017\/02\/SNP\/0025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rothia is an opportunistic pathogen, particularly life-threatening for the immunocompromised. It is associated with pneumonia, endocarditis, peritonitis and many other serious infections, including septicemia. Of note, Rothia mucilaginousa produces metabolites that support and increase overgrowth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of the ESKAPE bacteria. Endolysins are considered as antibacterial enzymes derived from bacteriophages that selectively and efficiently kill susceptible bacteria without harming human cells or the normal microbiome. Here, we applied a computational analysis of metagenomic sequencing data of the gastric mucosa phageome extracted from human patients\u2019 stomach biopsies. A selected candidate anti-Rothia sequence was produced in an expression system, purified and confirmed as a Rothia mucilaginosa- and Rothia dentocariosa-specific endolysin PolaR, able to destroy bacterial cells even when aggregated, as in a biofilm. PolaR had no cytotoxic or antiproliferative effects on mammalian cells. PolaR is the first described endolysin selectively targeting Rothia species, with a high potential to combat infections caused by Rothia mucilaginosa and Rothia dentocariosa, and possibly other bacterial groups. PolaR is the first antibacterial enzyme selected from the gastric mucosa phageome, which underlines the biological complexity and probably underestimated biological role of the phageome in the human gastric mucosa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12151997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T09:27:48Z","timestamp":1691141268000},"page":"1997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["New Phage-Derived Antibacterial Enzyme PolaR Targeting Rothia spp."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Miernikiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Barylski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0085-4092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wilczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Drago\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Rybicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9968-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Ba\u0142dysz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-712 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3953-702X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iztok","family":"Dogsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostiantyn","family":"Rokush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek Adam","family":"Harhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Ciekot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Ferenc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, 51-124 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6220-950X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Gnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, 51-124 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroc\u0142aw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Witkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, 51-124 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1518-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krystyna","family":"D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroc\u0142aw, 51-124 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.10.021","article-title":"Rothia spp. infective endocarditis: A systematic literature review","volume":"51","author":"Franconieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Now"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104877","article-title":"Characterization of the Rothia spp. and their role in human clinical infections","volume":"93","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-17-1-79","article-title":"Rothia, gen. nov. an aerobic genus of the family Actinomycetaceae","volume":"17","author":"Georg","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"273","article-title":"Study on the Actinomyces isolated from the deeper layers of carious dentine","volume":"6","author":"Onishi","year":"1949","journal-title":"Shikagaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-23-1-163","article-title":"Studies Upon an Oral Aerobic Actinomycete","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2023, June 27). NCBI Taxonomy, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Taxonomy\/Browser\/wwwtax.cgi?id=32207."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"mgen000854","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Rothia species reveals diversity in novel biosynthetic gene clusters and ecological adaptation to different eukaryotic hosts and host niches","volume":"8","author":"Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2017.01.005","article-title":"Isolation and identification methods of Rothia species in oral cavities","volume":"134","author":"Tsuzukibashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2018.1542551","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment of Kocuria kristinae invasive infections: Systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Pejcic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-682","article-title":"Taxonomic dissection of the genus Micrococcus: Kocuria gen. nov., Nesterenkonia gen. nov., Kytococcus gen. nov., Dermacoccus gen. nov., and Micrococcus Cohn 1872 gen. emend","volume":"45","author":"Stackebrandt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12152","article-title":"Anti-biofilm and antibacterial activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles against the oral opportunistic pathogens Rothia dentocariosa and Rothia mucilaginosa","volume":"122","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.W., Schmieder, R., Haynes, M., Furlan, M., Matthews, T.D., Whiteson, K., Poole, S.J., Hayes, C.S., Low, D.A., and Maughan, H. (2013). Mechanistic model of Rothia mucilaginosa adaptation toward persistence in the CF lung, based on a genome reconstructed from metagenomic data. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064285"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01270-14","article-title":"Rothia Bacteremia: A 10-Year Experience at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota","volume":"52","author":"Ramanan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)91312-9","article-title":"Stomatococcus mucilaginosus lower respiratory tract infection in a patient with AIDS","volume":"29","author":"Cunniffe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200708-1151OC","article-title":"Detection of anaerobic bacteria in high numbers in sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"177","author":"Tunney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00151-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00151-18","article-title":"Tracking Polymicrobial Metabolism in Cystic Fibrosis Airways: Pseudomonas aeruginosa Metabolism and Physiology Are Influenced by Rothia mucilaginosa-Derived Metabolites","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02204-13","article-title":"Clinical insights from metagenomic analysis of sputum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"52","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, C.B., Cobi\u00e1n-G\u00fcemes, A.G., Uranga, C., Baker, J.L., Edlund, A., Rohwer, F., and Conrad, D. (2021). Multi-Omics Study of Keystone Species in a Cystic Fibrosis Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222112050"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10241","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10241","article-title":"Lung microbiota across age and disease stage in cystic fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Coburn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101293","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01293-2021","article-title":"Rothia mucilaginosa is an anti-inflammatory bacterium in the respiratory tract of patients with chronic lung disease","volume":"59","author":"Rigauts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897328","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2021.1897328","article-title":"Citizen-science based study of the oral microbiome in Cystic fibrosis and matched controls reveals major differences in diversity and abundance of bacterial and fungal species","volume":"13","author":"Willis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00919-1","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of bacteriophage endolysins for infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1086\/521305","article-title":"Efficient elimination of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by cloned lysin derived from bacteriophage phi MR11","volume":"196","author":"Rashel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11990","article-title":"Hot topic: Antilisterial activity by endolysin PlyP100 in fresh cheese","volume":"100","author":"Hoepker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00886-18","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00886-18","article-title":"Antibacterial Effects of Phage Lysin LysGH15 on Planktonic Cells and Biofilms of Diverse Staphylococci","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00293","article-title":"A Novel Antimicrobial Endolysin, LysPA26, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.10","article-title":"Laboratory procedures to generate viral metagenomes","volume":"4","author":"Thurber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.213959.116","article-title":"metaSPAdes: A new versatile metagenomic assembler","volume":"27","author":"Nurk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00867-0","article-title":"VIBRANT: Automated recovery, annotation and curation of microbial viruses, and evaluation of viral community function from genomic sequences","volume":"8","author":"Kieft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts565","article-title":"CD-HIT: Accelerated for clustering the next-generation sequencing data","volume":"28","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab837","article-title":"PHIST: Fast and accurate prediction of prokaryotic hosts from metagenomic viral sequences","volume":"38","author":"Zielezinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D10","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa892","article-title":"Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information","volume":"49","author":"Sayers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D733","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1037","article-title":"IMG\/VR v4: An expanded database of uncultivated virus genomes within a framework of extensive functional, taxonomic, and ecological metadata","volume":"51","author":"Camargo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu031","article-title":"InterProScan 5: Genome-scale protein function classification","volume":"30","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01488-1","article-title":"ColabFold: Making protein folding accessible to all","volume":"19","author":"Mirdita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3943","article-title":"UCSF ChimeraX: Structure visualization for researchers, educators, and developers","volume":"30","author":"Pettersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.360221211","article-title":"Dictionary of protein secondary structure: Pattern recognition of hydrogen-bonded and geometrical features","volume":"22","author":"Kabsch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752282","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.752282","article-title":"DNA Dye Sytox Green in Detection of Bacteriolytic Activity: High Speed, Precision and Sensitivity Demonstrated With Endolysins","volume":"12","author":"Harhala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-080-5_20","article-title":"Cell sensitivity assays: The MTT assay","volume":"731","author":"Kaspers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457236","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/457236","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Rothia mucilaginosa DY-18: A Clinical Isolate with Dense Meshwork-Like Structures from a Persistent Apical Periodontitis Lesion","volume":"2010","author":"Yamane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sequencing"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300883","article-title":"Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 signaling by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus highlights the pathogenic potential of an oral commensal","volume":"191","author":"Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2019.103245","article-title":"Effective removal of staphylococcal biofilms on various food contact surfaces by Staphylococcus aureus phage endolysin LysCSA13","volume":"84","author":"Cha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00385-5","article-title":"Bactericidal synergism between phage endolysin Ply2660 and cathelicidin LL-37 against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis biofilms","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00285-0","article-title":"Identification and characterization of novel endolysins targeting Gardnerella vaginalis biofilms to treat bacterial vaginosis","volume":"8","author":"Cummings","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt104","article-title":"Rapid degradation of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilms by PlyC, a bacteriophage-encoded endolysin","volume":"68","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02666-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02666-16","article-title":"Bacteriophage Lysin CF-301, a Potent Antistaphylococcal Biofilm Agent","volume":"61","author":"Schuch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/17.4.667","article-title":"Complications of bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic children","volume":"17","author":"Henwick","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00772.x","article-title":"Bacteremia due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus in neutropenic patients in the setting of a cancer institute","volume":"9","author":"Fanourgiakis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01691134","article-title":"Stomatococcus mucilaginosus Septicemia in a Patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia","volume":"17","author":"Varela","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1198-743X(14)65140-5","article-title":"Stomatococcus mucilaginosus septicemia in leukemic patients","volume":"2","author":"Granlund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.3.641","article-title":"Stomatococcus mucilaginosus: An emerging pathogen in neutropenic patients","volume":"14","author":"McWhinney","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-013-0532-x","article-title":"Rothia aeria mitral valve endocarditis complicated by multiple mycotic aneurysms: Laboratory identification expedited using MALDI-TOF MS","volume":"42","author":"Crowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piaa047","article-title":"Rothia mucilaginosa Infections in Pediatric Cancer Patients","volume":"10","author":"Getzenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3109\/08880018.2013.783893","article-title":"Significant morbidity and mortality attributable to Rothia mucilaginosa infections in children with hematological malignancies or following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"30","author":"Chavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/08880018.2016.1187231","article-title":"Invasive Rothia infections in children with acute myeloid leukemia: A report from the Canadian infections in AML research group","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, R.D., Panigrahi, A., and Cheema, R. (2021). Rothia mucilaginosa bacteremia, meningitis leading to diffuse cerebritis in an adolescent patient undergoing acute myeloid leukemia chemotherapy causing significant morbidity. SAGE Open Med. Case Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X211063745"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.1.215-216.1989","article-title":"Endocarditis caused by relatively penicillin-resistant Stomatococcus mucilaginosus","volume":"27","author":"Pinsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.6.1048","article-title":"Infections due to Stomatococcus mucilaginosus: 10 cases and review","volume":"13","author":"Ascher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02113502","article-title":"Native and prosthetic valve endocarditis caused by Rothia dentocariosa: Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"25","author":"Binder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540701387064","article-title":"Eight cases of lower respiratory tract infection caused by Stomatococcus mucilaginosus","volume":"39","author":"Korsholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2014.980843","article-title":"Rothia mucilaginosa pneumonia: A literature review","volume":"47","author":"Maraki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03173-12","article-title":"Rothia mucilaginosa prosthetic device infections: A case of prosthetic valve endocarditis","volume":"51","author":"Bruminhent","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2013.33.2.145","article-title":"Rothia mucilaginosa pneumonia diagnosed by quantitative cultures and intracellular organisms of bronchoalveolar lavage in a lymphoma patient","volume":"33","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bittar, F., Richet, H., Dubus, J.C., Reynaud-Gaubert, M., Stremler, N., Sarles, J., Raoult, D., and Rolain, J.M. (2008). Molecular detection of multiple emerging pathogens in sputa from cystic fibrosis patients. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002908"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.88","article-title":"Phylogenetic and metabolic diversity of bacteria associated with cystic fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Guss","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(03)00185-2","article-title":"NMR structure of Citrobacter freundii AmpD, comparison with bacteriophage T7 lysozyme and homology with PGRP domains","volume":"327","author":"Liepinsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2023, June 28). National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject\/PRJNA934363."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/15\/1997\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:25:35Z","timestamp":1760127935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/12\/15\/1997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cells12151997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12151997","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]]}}}