{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:09:09Z","timestamp":1790820549982,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Medical Research Future Fund","award":["2023559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023559"]}]},{"name":"Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship, University of Western Australia University Postgraduate Award","award":["2023559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023559"]}]},{"name":"CFWA Post Graduate Top up Scholarship","award":["2023559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023559"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary bacterial infections present a significant health risk to those with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) including cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic-obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). With the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), novel therapeutics are desperately needed to combat the emergence of resistant superbugs. Phage therapy is one possible alternative or adjunct to current antibiotics with activity against antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. How phages are administered will depend on the site of infection. For respiratory infections, a number of factors must be considered to deliver active phages to sites deep within the lung. The inhalation of phages via nebulization is a promising method of delivery to distal lung sites; however, it has been shown to result in a loss of phage viability. Although preliminary studies have assessed the use of nebulization for phage therapy both in vitro and in vivo, the factors that determine phage stability during nebulized delivery have yet to be characterized. This review summarizes current findings on the formulation and stability of liquid phage formulations designed for nebulization, providing insights to maximize phage stability and bactericidal activity via this delivery method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T10:20:14Z","timestamp":1692008414000},"page":"2057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Stability Considerations for Bacteriophages in Liquid Formulations Designed for Nebulization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rohan","family":"Flint","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2208-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Laucirica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7054-3137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hak-Kim","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara J.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Stick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Kicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wal-yan Respiratory Research Center, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children\u2019s Hospital, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2018). 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