{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T02:35:26Z","timestamp":1785378926138,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council, UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W019353\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W019353\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Integrative Toxicology Training Partnership\u2013PhD studentship","award":["MR\/W019353\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W019353\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Envenomation by the Indian ornamental tarantula (Poecilotheria regalis) is medically relevant to humans, both in its native India and worldwide, where they are kept as pets. Muscle-related symptoms such as cramps and pain are commonly reported in humans following envenomation by this species. There is no specific treatment, including antivenom, for its envenomation. Moreover, the scientific knowledge of the impact of this venom on skeletal muscle function is highly limited. Therefore, we carried out this study to better understand the myotoxic properties of Poecilotheria regalis venom by determining its effects in cultured myoblasts and in the tibialis anterior muscle in mice. While there was no effect found on undifferentiated myoblasts, the venom affected differentiated multinucleated myotubes resulting in the reduction of fusion and atrophy of myotubes. Similarly, intramuscular administration of this venom in the tibialis anterior muscle in mice resulted in extensive muscle damage on day 5. However, by day 10, the regeneration was evident, and the regeneration process continued until day 20. Nevertheless, some tissue abnormalities including reduced dystrophin expression and microthrombi presence were observed on day 20. Overall, this study demonstrates the ability of this venom to induce significant muscle damage and affect its regeneration in the early stages. These data provide novel mechanistic insights into this venom-induced muscle damage and guide future studies to isolate and characterise individual toxic component(s) that induce muscle damage and their significance in developing better therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:09:44Z","timestamp":1692097784000},"page":"2074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Indian Ornamental Tarantula (Poecilotheria regalis) Venom Affects Myoblast Function and Causes Skeletal Muscle Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5900-5226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0956-9247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Alqallaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"},{"name":"Medical Services Authority, Ministry of Defence, Kuwait City 13012, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micregen Ltd., Thames Valley Science Park, Reading RG2 9LH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Parnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"},{"name":"Micregen Ltd., Thames Valley Science Park, Reading RG2 9LH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Husain Bin","family":"Haidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4637-4468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarred","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradeep","family":"Vijayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adedoyin","family":"Balogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Matsakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Biomedicine, Hull York Medical School, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3524-4115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven A.","family":"Trim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venomtech Ltd., Sandwich CT13 9FE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketan","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakthivel","family":"Vaiyapuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.10.032","article-title":"A verified spider bite and a review of the literature confirm Indian ornamental tree spiders (Poecilotheria species) as underestimated theraphosids of medical importance","volume":"77","author":"Fuchs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.132377","article-title":"Spider bite from South India","volume":"60","author":"Jegaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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