{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:16:00Z","timestamp":1778703360097,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agence R\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 Occitanie, Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Pr\u00e9vention, France"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The factors influencing mother-to-child cell trafficking and persistence over children\u2019s lives have yet to be established. The quantification of maternal microchimerism was previously reported through HLA-based approaches, which introduced bias regarding the tolerogenic environment. We aimed to identify cells of maternal origin irrespective of the HLA repertoire and to ascertain the determinants of microchimeric cells. This case\u2013control study enrolled 40 male infants attending pediatric surgery from January 2022 to October 2022. Female cells were quantified in infants\u2019 tonsil tissue by using cytogenetic fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) coupled with optimized automated microscopy. Out of the 40 infants, half (47.4%) had been breastfed for more than one month, a quarter for less a month, and 10 children (26.3%) were never breastfed. XX cells were observed in male tonsils in two-thirds of participants at a median density of 5 cells per 100,000 cells. In univariate analyses, child age was negatively associated with a high female cell density. In exploratory multivariate analyses, previous breastfeeding is a likely determinant of the persistence of these cells in the host, as well as the rank among siblings. Part of the benefit of breastmilk for child health may therefore be driven by breastfeeding-related microchimerism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T08:53:31Z","timestamp":1692608011000},"page":"2116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Quantification of Female Chimeric Cells in the Tonsils of Male Children and Their Determinants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4791-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Dmitrenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0480-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Gatinois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6398-6300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morgana","family":"D\u2019Ottavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"El Mouatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Bouret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne","family":"Debiesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Mondain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2408-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Akkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Dallemagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, University of Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Pellestor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Chromosomal Genetics and Research Plateform Chromostem, Department of Medical Genetics, Arnaud de Villeneuve Hospital, Montpellier CHRU, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe Vande","family":"Perre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-6350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Mol\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NEOVITA Study Group Timing of Initiation (2016). 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