{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T06:06:32Z","timestamp":1778997992196,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028338-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028338-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL123627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL123627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB028338-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028338-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL123627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL123627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Virginia BRAIN Institute","award":["R01EB028338-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB028338-01"]}]},{"name":"University of Virginia BRAIN Institute","award":["R01HL123627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL123627"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sport concussion affects millions of athletes each year at all levels of sport. Increasing evidence demonstrates clinical and physiological recovery are becoming more divergent definitions, as evidenced by several studies examining blood-based biomarkers of inflammation and imaging studies of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have shown elevated microglial activation in the CNS in active and retired American football players, as well as in active collegiate athletes who were diagnosed with a concussion and returned to sport. These data are supportive of discordance in clinical symptomology and the inflammatory response in the CNS upon symptom resolution. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of the inflammatory response associated with sport concussion and broader mild traumatic brain injury, as well as provide an outlook for important research questions to better align clinical and physiological recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12172128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T08:58:54Z","timestamp":1692694734000},"page":"2128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Concussion: Beyond the Cascade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9093-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiel D.","family":"Neumann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7175-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donna K.","family":"Broshek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin T.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7240-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T. Jason","family":"Druzgal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bijoy K.","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6031-3197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob E.","family":"Resch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5(th) international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. 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