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Understanding the cellular events involved in adaptation could provide new strategies to circumvent this resistance issue. We used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the adaptation to levamisole, an ionotropic acetylcholine receptor agonist, used for decades to treat nematode parasitic infections. Genetic screens in C. elegans identified \u201cadapting mutants\u201d that initially paralyze upon exposure to levamisole as the wild type (WT), but recover locomotion after a few hours whereas WT remain paralyzed. Here, we show that levamisole induces a sustained increase in cytosolic calcium concentration in the muscle cells of adapting mutants, lasting several hours and preceding a decrease in levamisole-sensitive acetylcholine receptors (L-AChR) at the muscle plasma membrane. This decrease correlated with a drop in calcium concentration, a relaxation of the animal\u2019s body and a resumption of locomotion. The decrease in calcium and L-AChR content depends on calcineurin activation in muscle cells. We also showed that levamisole adaptation triggers homeostatic mechanisms in muscle cells including mitochondria remodeling, lysosomal tubulation and an increase in autophagic activity. Levamisole adaptation thus provides a new experimental paradigm for studying how cells cope with calcium stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12172201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:26:12Z","timestamp":1693794372000},"page":"2201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Calcineurin-Dependent Homeostatic Response of C. elegans Muscle Cells upon Prolonged Activation of Acetylcholine Receptors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Franklin","family":"Florin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut NeuroMyoG\u00e8ne, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Universit\u00e9 Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2302-5369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bonneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut NeuroMyoG\u00e8ne, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Universit\u00e9 Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3347, INSERM U1021, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-3329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Brise\u00f1o-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut NeuroMyoG\u00e8ne, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Universit\u00e9 Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Medetia Pharmaceuticals, Institut Imagine, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Bessereau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut NeuroMyoG\u00e8ne, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Universit\u00e9 Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u00eblle","family":"Jospin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut NeuroMyoG\u00e8ne, CNRS UMR-5284, INSERM U-1314, MeLiS, Universit\u00e9 Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1038\/2091084a0","article-title":"Tetramisole (R 8299), a New, Potent Broad Spectrum Anthelmintic","volume":"209","author":"Thienpont","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-017-0086-9","article-title":"A Nationwide Survey of Anthelmintic Treatment Failure on Sheep Farms in Ireland","volume":"70","author":"Keegan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ir. 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