{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:54:43Z","timestamp":1762300483134,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Schweizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Cystische Fibrose (CFCH)","award":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"]}]},{"name":"OPO Fundation","award":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"]}]},{"name":"SWISS LUNG LIGA","award":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["175953","159500","431232613","A01","Z02","82DZL009B1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Stereological estimations significantly contributed to our understanding of lung anatomy and physiology. Taking stereology fully 3-dimensional facilitates the estimation of novel parameters. (2) Methods: We developed a protocol for the analysis of all airspaces of an entire lung. It includes (i) high-resolution synchrotron radiation-based X-ray tomographic microscopy, (ii) image segmentation using the free machine-learning tool Ilastik and ImageJ, and (iii) calculation of the airspace diameter distribution using a diameter map function. To evaluate the new pipeline, lungs from adult mice with cystic fibrosis (CF)-like lung disease (\u03b2ENaC-transgenic mice) or mice with elastase-induced emphysema were compared to healthy controls. (3) Results: We were able to show the distribution of airspace diameters throughout the entire lung, as well as separately for the conducting airways and the gas exchange area. In the pathobiological context, we observed an irregular widening of parenchymal airspaces in mice with CF-like lung disease and elastase-induced emphysema. Comparable results were obtained when analyzing lungs imaged with \u03bcCT, sugges-ting that our pipeline is applicable to different kinds of imaging modalities. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that the airspace diameter map is well suited for a detailed analysis of unevenly distri-buted structural alterations in chronic muco-obstructive lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and COPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T05:55:54Z","timestamp":1695880554000},"page":"2375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Airspace Diameter Map\u2014A Quantitative Measurement of All Pulmonary Airspaces to Characterize Structural Lung Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sanja","family":"Blaskovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinelopi","family":"Anagnostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2029, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1794-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Borisova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Schittny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211 Gen\u00e8ve, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Haberth\u00fcr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhou-Suckow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Pulmonology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), A Member of German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4057-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus A.","family":"Mall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Associated Partner Site, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0485-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian M.","family":"Schlep\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Stampanoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Barazzone-Argiroffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211 Gen\u00e8ve, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes C.","family":"Schittny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.04.009","article-title":"Pulmonary Function Tests for the Generalist: A Brief Review","volume":"93","author":"Dempsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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