{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:32:16Z","timestamp":1791232336221,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation and Heart Research UK","award":["PG\/23\/11093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/23\/11093"]}]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation and Heart Research UK","award":["PG\/22\/10788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/22\/10788"]}]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation and Heart Research UK","award":["COV04\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV04\/21"]}]},{"name":"HRUK","award":["PG\/23\/11093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/23\/11093"]}]},{"name":"HRUK","award":["PG\/22\/10788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/22\/10788"]}]},{"name":"HRUK","award":["COV04\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COV04\/21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiac condition with structural and functional impairment, where either the left ventricle or both ventricular chambers are enlarged, coinciding with reduced systolic pump function (reduced ejection fraction, rEF). The prevalence of DCM is more than 1:250 individuals, and mortality largely due to heart failure in two-third of cases, and sudden cardiac death in one-third of patients. Damage to the myocardium, whether from a genetic or environmental cause such as viruses, triggers inflammation and recruits immune cells to the heart to repair the myocardium. Examination of myocardial biopsy tissue often reveals an inflammatory cell infiltrate, T lymphocyte (T cell) infiltration, or other activated immune cells. Despite medical therapy, adverse outcomes for DCM remain. The evidence base and existing literature suggest that upregulation of CX3CR1, migration of immune cells, together with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity is associated with worse outcomes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. We hypothesise that this potentially occurs through cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, resulting in adverse remodelling. Immune modulators to target this pathway may potentially improve outcomes above and beyond current guideline-recommended therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T02:47:30Z","timestamp":1695955650000},"page":"2377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Fractalkine\/CX3CR1 in Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Potential Future Target for Immunomodulatory Therapy?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Visvesh","family":"Jeyalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Cardiovascular Unit, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK"},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Cardiovascular Unit, The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK"},{"name":"Population Health Science Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8346-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu Xian","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6018-2350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent Kharisma","family":"Wangsaputra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Central Jakarta 10430, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioakim","family":"Spyridopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm342","article-title":"Classification of the cardiomyopathies: A position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Elliott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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