{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1791548217366,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)","award":["2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014"]}]},{"name":"PEPS\/IDEX CNRS\/Bordeaux University 2014","award":["2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014"]}]},{"name":"Association Retina France","award":["2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purines are required for fundamental biological processes and alterations in their metabolism lead to severe genetic diseases associated with developmental defects whose etiology remains unclear. Here, we studied the developmental requirements for purine metabolism using the amphibian Xenopus laevis as a vertebrate model. We provide the first functional characterization of purine pathway genes and show that these genes are mainly expressed in nervous and muscular embryonic tissues. Morphants were generated to decipher the functions of these genes, with a focus on the adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), which is an enzyme required for both salvage and de novo purine pathways. adsl.L knockdown led to a severe reduction in the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs: Myod1, Myf5 and Myogenin), thus resulting in defects in somite formation and, at later stages, the development and\/or migration of both craniofacial and hypaxial muscle progenitors. The reduced expressions of hprt1.L and ppat, which are two genes specific to the salvage and de novo pathways, respectively, resulted in similar alterations. In conclusion, our data show for the first time that de novo and recycling purine pathways are essential for myogenesis and highlight new mechanisms in the regulation of MRF gene expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12192379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T02:47:30Z","timestamp":1695955650000},"page":"2379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Purine Biosynthesis Pathways Are Required for Myogenesis in Xenopus laevis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ma\u00eblle","family":"Duperray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biochimie et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Cellulaires, CNRS, UMR 5095, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Hardet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Henriet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Saint-Marc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biochimie et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Cellulaires, CNRS, UMR 5095, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2187-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Bou\u00e9-Grabot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2352-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertrand","family":"Daignan-Fornier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biochimie et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Cellulaires, CNRS, UMR 5095, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Mass\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2936-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Pinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biochimie et G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Cellulaires, CNRS, UMR 5095, Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daignan-Fornier, B., and Pinson, B. 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