{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:48:38Z","timestamp":1773020918460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre, Poland","award":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ3\/00210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/03\/X\/NZ3\/00210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous reports on the benefits of using local therapy with azelastine in rhinitis focus on the assessment of clinical symptoms and the analysis of nasal lavage for the presence of inflammatory cells and the expression of adhesion molecules. Little attention has been paid to studies assessing the effect of azelastine on individual cytotypes of the nasal mucosa, especially epithelial cells, also in the context of inducing morphological changes. The aim of this study was the cytological analysis of swabs taken from the surface of the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and nonallergic\/vasomotor rhinitis (NAR\/VMR) who were subjected to 4 weeks of therapy with azelastine and then comparing the obtained results with the pre-treatment condition. The technique of obtaining materials for cytoanalysis included sampling, staining of smears, microscopic analysis, and preparation of cytograms. Our studies confirmed the therapeutic benefits of azelastine in both study groups. Significant changes were demonstrated, confirming the regeneration of ciliated cells and the induction of autophagy and apoptosis in epithelial cells. Such changes indicate new mechanisms of action of azelastine, which play a significant role in restoring homeostasis in the nasal mucosa. The presented research also results in a detailed description of cytological changes in both studied rhinitis types, which complements the knowledge regarding prognostic indicators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T03:43:59Z","timestamp":1700797439000},"page":"2697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cytological Study of Topical Effect of Azelastine Hydrochloride on the Nasal Mucous Membrane Cells in Various Nasal Rhinitis Types"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8950-8278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Trybus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-922X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Trybus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teodora","family":"Kr\u00f3l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.7b00112","article-title":"Design of Phthalazinone Amide Histamine H(1) Receptor Antagonists for Use in Rhinitis","volume":"8","author":"Procopiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Med. 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