{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T21:36:54Z","timestamp":1788903414425,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["RGPIN 2020-03869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-03869"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["ALLRP 550110-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 550110-20"]}]},{"name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","award":["RGPIN 2020-3869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-3869"]}]},{"name":"NSERC Alliance","award":["RGPIN 2020-03869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-03869"]}]},{"name":"NSERC Alliance","award":["ALLRP 550110-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 550110-20"]}]},{"name":"NSERC Alliance","award":["RGPIN 2020-3869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-3869"]}]},{"name":"ENCYT Technologies Inc.","award":["RGPIN 2020-03869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-03869"]}]},{"name":"ENCYT Technologies Inc.","award":["ALLRP 550110-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALLRP 550110-20"]}]},{"name":"ENCYT Technologies Inc.","award":["RGPIN 2020-3869"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN 2020-3869"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surgery-induced tumor growth acceleration and synchronous metastatic growth promotion have been observed for decades. Surgery-induced wound healing, orchestrated through growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, can negatively impact patients harboring residual or metastatic disease. We provide detailed clinical evidence of this process in surgical breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer patients. Plasma samples were analyzed from 68 cancer patients who had not received treatment before surgery or adjuvant therapy until at least four weeks post-surgery. The levels of plasma cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were simultaneously quantified and profiled using multiplexed immunoassays for eight time points sampled per patient. The immunologic processes are induced immediately after surgery in patients, characterized by a drastic short-term shift in the expression levels of pro-inflammatory and angiogenic molecules and cytokines. A rapid and significant spike in circulating plasma levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), placental growth factor (PLGF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) after surgery was noted. The rise in these molecules was concomitant with a significant drop in transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AB\/BB), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-2 (MCP-2). If not earlier, each plasma analyte was normalized to baseline levels within 1\u20132 weeks after surgery, suggesting that surgical intervention alone was responsible for these effects. The effects of surgical tumor removal on disrupting the pro-inflammatory and angiogenic plasma profiles of cancer patients provide evidence for potentiating malignant progression. Our findings indicate a narrow therapeutic window of opportunity after surgery to prevent disease recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T12:15:14Z","timestamp":1701692114000},"page":"2767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Contemporaneous Perioperative Inflammatory and Angiogenic Cytokine Profiles of Surgical Breast, Colorectal, and Prostate Cancer Patients: Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7135-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leili","family":"Baghaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Haxho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"},{"name":"Dermatology Residency Program, the Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8847-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fleur","family":"Leroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Ma\u00efeutique et Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENCYT Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS B1S 0H1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Wawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENCYT Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS B1S 0H1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamano","family":"Minhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENCYT Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS B1S 0H1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William W.","family":"Harless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENCYT Technologies Inc., Membertou, NS B1S 0H1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8471-5481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myron R.","family":"Szewczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdn386","article-title":"The effects of surgery on tumor growth: A century of investigations","volume":"19","author":"Demicheli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. 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