{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:37:50Z","timestamp":1790703470744,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Torsten and Ragnar S\u00f6derbergs Foundation","award":["2017\u20132022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u20132022"]}]},{"name":"Olle Engkvist Foundation","award":["2017\u20132022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u20132022"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Gamla Tj\u00e4narinnor Foundation","award":["2017\u20132022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u20132022"]}]},{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University and Link\u00f6ping University Hospital Research Fund (ALF)","award":["2017\u20132022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u20132022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid insecticide, has potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human and experimental models, respectively. While being an emerging environmental contaminant, occupational exposure and related cellular mechanisms are unknown. Herein, we were motivated by a specific patient case where occupational exposure to an IMI-containing plant protection product was associated with the diagnosis of Bell\u2019s palsy. The aim was to investigate the toxic effects and cellular mechanisms of IMI exposure on glial cells (D384 human astrocytes) and on human fibroblasts (AG01518). IMI-treated astrocytes showed a reduction in cell number and dose-dependent cytotoxicity at 24 h. Lower doses of IMI induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysosomal membrane permeabilisation (LMP), causing apoptosis and autophagic dysfunction, while high doses caused significant necrotic cell death. Using normal fibroblasts, we found that IMI-induced autophagic dysfunction and lysosomal damage, activated lysophagy, and resulted in a compensatory increase in lysosomes. In conclusion, the observed IMI-induced effects on human glial cells and fibroblasts provide a possible link between IMI cytotoxicity and neurological complications observed clinically in the patient exposed to this neonicotinoid insecticide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12242772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T08:09:17Z","timestamp":1701763757000},"page":"2772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Imidacloprid Induces Lysosomal Dysfunction and Cell Death in Human Astrocytes and Fibroblasts\u2014Environmental Implication of a Clinical Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8484-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3320-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liam J.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 587 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4371-1238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Vainikka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nargis","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine, Link\u00f6ping University Hospital, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Leanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulf","family":"Flodin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9328-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi-Ming","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 85 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b06388","article-title":"Environmental Risks and Challenges Associated with Neonicotinoid Insecticides","volume":"52","author":"Hladik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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