{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:51:08Z","timestamp":1791269468118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":237,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The heterogeneity of autoantibody targets in autoimmune encephalitides presents a challenge for understanding cellular and humoral pathophysiology, and the development of new treatment strategies. Thus, current treatment aims at autoantibody removal and immunosuppression, and is primarily based on data generated from other autoimmune neurological diseases and expert consensus. There are many subtypes of autoimmune encephalitides, which now entails both diseases with autoantibodies targeting extracellular antigens and classical paraneoplastic syndromes with autoantibodies targeting intracellular antigens. Here, we review the current knowledge of molecular and cellular effects of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune encephalitis, and evaluate the evidence behind the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of autoantibodies in autoimmune encephalitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T11:24:33Z","timestamp":1703071473000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pathophysiological Effects of Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Encephalitides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1151-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matias","family":"Ryding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne With","family":"Mikkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3512-3479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette Scheller","family":"Nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Christine","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6007-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morten","family":"Blaabjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Brain Research\u2014Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence (BRIDGE), 5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00543-w","article-title":"Autoantibodies in neurological disease","volume":"21","author":"Pruss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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