{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:54:14Z","timestamp":1787500454284,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences","award":["P30 EY016665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY016665"]}]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences","award":["EY030076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030076"]}]},{"name":"Retina Research Foundation","award":["P30 EY016665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY016665"]}]},{"name":"Retina Research Foundation","award":["EY030076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030076"]}]},{"name":"Carl Marshall Reeves &amp; Mildred Almen Reeves Foundation","award":["P30 EY016665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY016665"]}]},{"name":"Carl Marshall Reeves &amp; Mildred Almen Reeves Foundation","award":["EY030076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030076"]}]},{"name":"Pat and Jay Smith AMD Innovation Fund","award":["P30 EY016665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY016665"]}]},{"name":"Pat and Jay Smith AMD Innovation Fund","award":["EY030076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030076"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY016665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY016665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY030076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY030076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of vision loss in elderly patients. Its etiology and progression are, however, deeply intertwined with various cellular and molecular interactions within the retina and choroid. Among the key cellular players least studied are choroidal mast cells, with important roles in immune and allergic responses. Here, we will review what is known regarding the pathophysiology of AMD and expand on the recently proposed intricate roles of choroidal mast cells and their activation in outer retinal degeneration and AMD pathogenesis. We will focus on choroidal mast cell activation, the release of their bioactive mediators, and potential impact on ocular oxidative stress, inflammation, and overall retinal and choroidal health. We propose an important role for thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), a major ocular angioinflammatory factor, in regulation of choroidal mast cell homeostasis and activation in AMD pathogenesis. Drawing from limited studies, this review underscores the need for further comprehensive studies aimed at understanding the precise roles changes in TSP1 levels and choroidal mast cell activity play in pathophysiology of AMD. We will also propose potential therapeutic strategies targeting these regulatory pathways, and highlighting the promise they hold for curbing AMD progression through modulation of mast cell activity. In conclusion, the evolving understanding of the role of choroidal mast cells in AMD pathogenesis will not only offer deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms but will also offer opportunities for development of novel preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T04:40:44Z","timestamp":1703565644000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Choroidal Mast Cells and Pathophysiology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5400-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Malih","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 15614, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Seok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Sorenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2723-9217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nader","family":"Sheibani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.08.011","article-title":"Global burden of dry age-related macular degeneration: A targeted literature review","volume":"43","author":"Schultz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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