{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T10:38:36Z","timestamp":1790246316480,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most common and aggressive malignant form of brain tumour in adults and is characterized by an extremely poor prognosis with dismal survival rates. Currently, expanding concepts concerning the pathophysiology of GBM are inextricably linked with neuroinflammatory phenomena. On account of this fact, the identification of novel pathomechanisms targeting neuroinflammation seems to be crucial in terms of yielding successful individual therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the pleiotropic growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has attracted significant attention in the neuroscience and oncological community regarding its neuroimmunomodulatory and oncogenic functions. This review of the literature summarizes and updates contemporary knowledge about PGRN, its associated receptors and signalling pathway involvement in GBM pathogenesis, indicating possible cellular and molecular mechanisms with potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets in order to yield successful individual therapeutic strategies. After a review of the literature, we found that there are possible PGRN-targeted therapeutic approaches for implementation in GBM treatment algorithms both in preclinical and future clinical studies. Furthermore, PGRN-targeted therapies exerted their highest efficacy in combination with other established chemotherapeutic agents, such as temozolomide. The results of the analysis suggested that the possible implementation of routine determinations of PGRN and its associated receptors in tumour tissue and biofluids could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of GBM. Furthermore, promising preclinical applications of PGRN-related findings should be investigated in clinical studies in order to create new diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms for GBM treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T05:47:21Z","timestamp":1704865641000},"page":"124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"\u0141ukasz A.","family":"Poniatowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Stra\u00dfe 30, 17036 Neubrandenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Wo\u017anica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, 7th Navy Hospital, Polanki 117, 80-305 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3309-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wojdasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Mela-Kalicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Romanowska-Pr\u00f3chnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Systemic Connective Tissue Diseases, Eleonora Reicher National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daryush","family":"Purrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1795-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"\u017burek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostructure, Wroc\u0142aw University of Health and Sport Sciences, I. 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Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02-957 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Nameh Goshay Fard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Furtak-Niczyporuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janusz","family":"Jaroszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Administrative Proceedings, Faculty of Law and Administration, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University of Lublin, Marii Curie-Sk\u0142odowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad-Reza","family":"Mahmoudian-Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6869-4016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilona","family":"Joniec-Maciejak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105780","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): An overview of current therapies and mechanisms of resistance","volume":"171","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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