{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:57:26Z","timestamp":1780570646941,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP130423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP130423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung macrophage (LM) is vital in host defence against bacterial infections. However, the influence of other innate immune cells on its function, including the polarisation of different subpopulations, remains poorly understood. This study examined the polarisation of LM subpopulations (monocytes\/undifferentiated macrophages (Mo\/M\u03c6), interstitial macrophages (IM), and alveolar macrophages (AM)). We further assessed the effect of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) on LM polarisation in a protective function against Chlamydia muridarum, an obligate intracellular bacterium, and respiratory tract infection. We found a preferentially increased local Mo\/M\u03c6 and IMs with a significant shift to a type-1 macrophage (M1) phenotype and higher expression of iNOS and TNF-\u03b1. Interestingly, during the same infection, the alteration of macrophage subpopulations and the shift towards M1 was much less in iNKT KO mice. More importantly, functional testing by adoptively transferring LMs isolated from iNKT KO mice (iNKT KO-M\u03c6) conferred less protection than those isolated from wild-type mice (WT-M\u03c6). Further analyses showed significantly reduced gene expression of the JAK\/STAT signalling pathway molecules in iNKT KO-M\u03c6. The data show an important role of iNKT in promoting LM polarisation to the M1 direction, which is functionally relevant to host defence against a human intracellular bacterial infection. The alteration of JAK\/STAT signalling molecule gene expression in iNKT KO-M\u03c6 suggests the modulating effect of iNKT is likely through the JAK\/STAT pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T03:21:41Z","timestamp":1704943301000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhancement of Macrophage Immunity against Chlamydial Infection by Natural Killer T Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7542-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3187-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudhanshu","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2005.04.004","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis persistence: An update","volume":"161","author":"Mpiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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