{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:07:45Z","timestamp":1783534065334,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica (PAPIIT) de la Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA) de la Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM)","award":["IN216520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN216520"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika fever is a reemerging arthropod-borne viral disease; however, Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted by other, non-vector means. Severe Zika fever is characterized by neurological disorders, autoimmunity, or congenital Zika syndrome. Monocytes are primary ZIKV targets in humans and, in response to infection, release extracellular vesicles like exosomes. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication and are involved in the virus\u2019s ability to circumvent the immune response, promoting pathological processes. This study aimed to evaluate the role of monocyte exosomes in cell-to-cell viral transmission. We isolated exosomes from ZIKV-infected monocytes (M\u00f8 exo ZIKV) by differential ultracentrifugation and identified them by nanoparticle tracking analysis; transmission electron microscopy; and CD63, CD81, TSG101, and Alix detection by cytofluorometry. Purified exosome isolates were obtained by uncoupling from paramagnetic beads or by treatment with UV radiation and RNase A. We found that M\u00f8 exo ZIKV carry viral RNA and E\/NS1 proteins and that their interaction with na\u00efve cells favors viral transmission, infection, and cell differentiation\/activation. These data suggest that M\u00f8 exo ZIKV are an efficient alternative pathway for ZIKV infection. Knowledge of these mechanisms contributes to understanding the pathogenesis of severe disease and to the development of new vaccines and therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T03:54:34Z","timestamp":1705031674000},"page":"144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Zika Virus-Infected Monocyte Exosomes Mediate Cell-to-Cell Viral Transmission"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Pablo","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Monroy-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes Teresa","family":"Agredano-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2368-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Felipe","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca H.","family":"Ruiz-Ordaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808246","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection\u2013After the Pandemic","volume":"381","author":"Musso","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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