{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:35:11Z","timestamp":1790663711428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-114957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-114957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCO125276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCO125276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IBC-154053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBC-154053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG054324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG054324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-114957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-114957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TCO125276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCO125276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IBC-154053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBC-154053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG054324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG054324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI)","award":["MOP-114957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-114957"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI)","award":["TCO125276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCO125276"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI)","award":["IBC-154053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBC-154053"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI)","award":["R01AG054324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG054324"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains an important comorbidity in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our previous studies performed in the Canadian HIV\/Aging Cohort Study (CHACS) (&gt;40 years-old; Framingham Risk Score (FRS) &gt; 5%) revealed a 2\u20133-fold increase in non-calcified coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) plaque burden, measured by computed tomography angiography scan (CTAScan) as the total (TPV) and low attenuated plaque volume (LAPV), in ART-treated PLWH (HIV+) versus uninfected controls (HIV\u2212). In an effort to identify novel correlates of subclinical CAA, markers of intestinal damage (sCD14, LBP, FABP2); cell trafficking\/inflammation (CCL20, CX3CL1, MIF, CCL25); subsets of Th17-polarized and regulatory (Tregs) CD4+ T-cells, classical\/intermediate\/non-classical monocytes, and myeloid\/plasmacytoid dendritic cells were studied in relationship with HIV and TPV\/LAPV status. The TPV detection\/values coincided with higher plasma sCD14, FABP2, CCL20, MIF, CX3CL1, and triglyceride levels; lower Th17\/Treg ratios; and classical monocyte expansion. Among HIV+, TPV+ versus TPV\u2212 exhibited lower Th17 frequencies, reduced Th17\/Treg ratios, higher frequencies of non-classical CCR9lowHLADRhigh monocytes, and increased plasma fibrinogen levels. Finally, Th17\/Treg ratios and non-classical CCR9lowHLADRhigh monocyte frequencies remained associated with TPV\/LAPV after adjusting for FRS and HIV\/ART duration in a logistic regression model. These findings point to Th17 paucity and non-classical monocyte abundance as novel immunological correlates of subclinical CAA that may fuel the CVD risk in ART-treated PLWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13020157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T08:52:03Z","timestamp":1705308723000},"page":"157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Alterations in Th17 Cells and Non-Classical Monocytes as a Signature of Subclinical Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis during ART-Treated HIV-1 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tomas Raul","family":"Wiche Salinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Gosselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5109-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Fonseca","family":"Rosario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6458-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Far","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Filali-Mouhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9897-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Routy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Chartrand-Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Radiologie, Radio-Oncologie et M\u00e9decine Nucl\u00e9aire, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan L.","family":"Landay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3440-3436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile L.","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1922-5640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petronela","family":"Ancuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (UdeM), Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada"},{"name":"CRCHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e279","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30036-9","article-title":"HIV and cardiovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Benjamin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01741-1","article-title":"HIV and Global Cardiovascular Health","volume":"24","author":"Wagle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000756","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in women living with HIV","volume":"17","author":"Kentoffio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000755","article-title":"HIV and cardiovascular disease: The role of inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Funderburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021203297","article-title":"Prevalence and Characterization of Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque with CT among Individuals with HIV: Results from the Canadian HIV and Aging Cohort Study","volume":"299","author":"Boldeanu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003252","article-title":"High incidence of subclinical peripheral artery disease in people with HIV","volume":"36","author":"Hogh","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"538","article-title":"CROI 2023: Metabolic and Other Complications of HIV Infection","volume":"31","author":"Sarkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Antivir. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"101","article-title":"The epidemiology, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease in adult patients with HIV","volume":"13","author":"Henning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00056-0","article-title":"Future challenges for clinical care of an ageing population infected with HIV: A modelling study","volume":"15","author":"Smit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0219-9","article-title":"HIV infection and coronary heart disease: Mechanisms and management","volume":"16","author":"Hsue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X13666171129170046","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease in the Setting of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"14","author":"Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318232","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease and Thrombosis in HIV Infection","volume":"43","author":"Perkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018099","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18099","article-title":"Association of Viral Persistence and Atherosclerosis in Adults With Treated HIV Infection","volume":"3","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1221","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00445.2020","article-title":"HIV-related cardiovascular disease: Any role for high-density lipoproteins?","volume":"319","author":"Hudson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-016-0301-4","article-title":"Recent Insights Into Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Among HIV-Infected Adults","volume":"13","author":"Kaplan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000695","article-title":"Characteristics, Prevention, and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With HIV: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"140","author":"Feinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000782","article-title":"HIV and comorbidities\u2014The importance of gut inflammation and the kynurenine pathway","volume":"18","author":"MacCann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000678","article-title":"Clinical consequences of asymptomatic cytomegalovirus in treated human immunodeficency virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Schnittman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teer, E., Dominick, L., Mukonowenzou, N.C., and Essop, M.F. (2022). HIV-Related Myocardial Fibrosis: Inflammatory Hypothesis and Crucial Role of Immune Cells Dysregulation. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182825"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00584-1","article-title":"How the immune system shapes atherosclerosis: Roles of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"22","author":"Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.007","article-title":"Cytokine Circuits in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"50","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.05.014","article-title":"Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor c-Met Instructs T Cell Cardiotropism and Promotes T Cell Migration to the Heart via Autocrine Chemokine Release","volume":"42","author":"Komarowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0352-5","article-title":"T cell subsets and functions in atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Saigusa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.312137","article-title":"Heterogeneity of T Cells in Atherosclerosis Defined by Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Cytometry by Time of Flight","volume":"41","author":"Winkels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.05.007","article-title":"The paradoxical role of IL-17 in atherosclerosis","volume":"297","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002842","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-infected adults with coronary artery disease are characterized by a distinctive regulatory T-cell signature","volume":"35","author":"Rothan","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.08.756","article-title":"Circulating T Cells and Cardiovascular Risk in People With and Without HIV Infection","volume":"80","author":"Kundu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12013","article-title":"Markers of inflammation and CD8 T-cell activation, but not monocyte activation, are associated with subclinical carotid artery disease in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"14","author":"Longenecker","year":"2013","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq071","article-title":"T cell activation and senescence predict subclinical carotid artery disease in HIV-infected women","volume":"203","author":"Kaplan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01378","article-title":"How Monocytes Contribute to Increased Risk of Atherosclerosis in Virologically-Suppressed HIV-Positive Individuals Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Jaworowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13634","article-title":"A myriad of roles of dendritic cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"206","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallis, Z.K., and Williams, K.C. (2022). Monocytes in HIV and SIV Infection and Aging: Implications for Inflamm-Aging and Accelerated Aging. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020409"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.228","article-title":"Monocytes in atherosclerosis: Subsets and functions","volume":"7","author":"Woollard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053119","article-title":"Nonclassical Monocytes in Health and Disease","volume":"37","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Hofer, T.P., Zawada, A.M., Rotter, B., Krezdorn, N., Noessner, E., Devaux, Y., Heine, G., and Ziegler-Heitbrock, L. (2020). Epigenetics in non-classical monocytes support their pro-inflammatory gene expression. Immunobiology, 225.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2020.151958"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.4728","article-title":"Association of Arterial and Lymph Node Inflammation With Distinct Inflammatory Pathways in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"2","author":"Tawakol","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.6698","article-title":"Arterial inflammation in patients with HIV","volume":"308","author":"Subramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80139-2","article-title":"Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 reduces atherosclerosis in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice","volume":"2","author":"Gu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix082","article-title":"Association of Macrophage Inflammation Biomarkers With Progression of Subclinical Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis in HIV-Infected Women and Men","volume":"215","author":"Hanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.84","article-title":"Associations between surface markers on blood monocytes and carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-positive individuals","volume":"92","author":"Westhorpe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy292","article-title":"Loss of CXCR4 on non-classical monocytes in participants of the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) with subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"115","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002460","article-title":"Monocytes from men living with HIV exhibit heightened atherogenic potential despite long-term viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy","volume":"34","author":"Angelovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0075","article-title":"Short Communication: Carotid Artery Plaque Burden in HIV Is Associated with Soluble Mediators and Monocytes","volume":"36","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanya, V., McKay, H.S., Brusca, R.M., Palella, F.J., Kingsley, L.A., Witt, M.D., Hodis, H.N., Tracy, R.P., Post, W.S., and Haberlen, S.A. (2019). Inflammatory biomarkers and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214735"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00230","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in atherosclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Doring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.046755","article-title":"Auto-antigenic protein-DNA complexes stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to promote atherosclerosis","volume":"125","author":"Doring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.642801","article-title":"Pathogen-sensing plasmacytoid dendritic cells stimulate cytotoxic T-cell function in the atherosclerotic plaque through interferon-alpha","volume":"114","author":"Niessner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011090","article-title":"MHC Class II-restricted antigen presentation by plasmacytoid dendritic cells drives proatherogenic T cell immunity","volume":"130","author":"Sage","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.04.010","article-title":"Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-Expressing Aortic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Protect against Atherosclerosis by Induction of Regulatory T Cells","volume":"23","author":"Yun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4796","article-title":"Persistent decreases in blood plasmacytoid dendritic cell number and function despite effective highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased blood myeloid dendritic cells in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"168","author":"Chehimi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, M., Manches, O., Wilen, C., Gopal, R., Huq, R., Wu, V., Sunseri, N., and Bhardwaj, N. (2016). CD4 Receptor is a Key Determinant of Divergent HIV-1 Sensing by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005553"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand, M., Chartrand-Lefebvre, C., Baril, J.G., Trottier, S., Trottier, B., Harris, M., Walmsley, S., Conway, B., Wong, A., and Routy, J.P. (2017). The Canadian HIV and aging cohort study\u2014Determinants of increased risk of cardio-vascular diseases in HIV-infected individuals: Rationale and study protocol. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2692-2"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13550","article-title":"Baseline characteristics of a prospective cohort study of aging and cardiovascular diseases among people living with HIV","volume":"24","author":"Giguere","year":"2023","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185116664229","article-title":"In vivo coronary artery plaque assessment with computed tomography angiography: Is there an impact of iterative reconstruction on plaque volume and attenuation metrics?","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxp046","article-title":"The use of baseline covariates in crossover studies","volume":"11","author":"Kenward","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0849-9","article-title":"Gut intraepithelial T cells calibrate metabolism and accelerate cardiovascular disease","volume":"566","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surma, S., and Banach, M. (2021). Fibrinogen and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases-Review of the Literature and Clinical Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010193"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0261","article-title":"Short communication: Persistence of high blood levels of the chemokines CCL2, CCL19, and CCL20 during the course of HIV infection","volume":"27","author":"Fontaine","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-015-0164-6","article-title":"Impaired Th17 polarization of phenotypically naive CD4+ T-cells during chronic HIV-1 infection and potential restoration with early ART","volume":"12","author":"DaFonseca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103801","article-title":"Human Th17 cells express high levels of enzymatically active dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26)","volume":"188","author":"Bengsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000086","article-title":"CD8 T cell persistence in treated HIV infection","volume":"9","author":"Mudd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Y., Wang, N., Han, Y., Zhu, T., Xie, J., Qiu, Z., Song, X., Li, Y., Routy, J.P., and Wang, J. (2017). A higher CD4\/CD8 ratio correlates with an ultralow cell-associated HIV-1 DNA level in chronically infected patients on antiretroviral therapy: A case control study. BMC Infect. Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2866-y"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wacleche, V.S., Tremblay, C.L., Routy, J.P., and Ancuta, P. (2018). The Biology of Monocytes and Dendritic Cells: Contribution to HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020065"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-258558","article-title":"Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood","volume":"116","author":"Ancuta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29919","article-title":"Critical roles for CCR2 and MCP-3 in monocyte mobilization from bone marrow and recruitment to inflammatory sites","volume":"117","author":"Tsou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304650","article-title":"Nonclassical patrolling monocyte function in the vasculature","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23496","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.117481","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition down-regulates the pro-atherogenic chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9)-chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) axis","volume":"285","author":"Langer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20170009","article-title":"Monocyte subtypes and the CCR2 chemokine receptor in cardiovascular disease","volume":"131","author":"Franca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2012.23","article-title":"HLA-DR(hi) and CCR9 Define a Pro-Inflammatory Monocyte Subset in IBD","volume":"3","author":"Linton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142883","article-title":"Monitoring of blood vessels and tissues by a population of monocytes with patrolling behavior","volume":"317","author":"Auffray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3865","article-title":"The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"15","author":"Swiecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0465-0","article-title":"Antigen presentation by dendritic cells and their instruction of CD4+ T helper cell responses","volume":"17","author":"Hilligan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.242578","article-title":"Genetic deletion of chemokine receptor Ccr6 decreases atherogenesis in ApoE-deficient mice","volume":"109","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levast, B., Barblu, L., Coutu, M., Prevost, J., Brassard, N., Peres, A., Stegen, C., Madrenas, J., Kaufmann, D.E., and Finzi, A. (2017). HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein determinants for cytokine burst in human monocytes. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174550"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2022.04.013","article-title":"Targeting Th17 cells in HIV-1 remission\/cure interventions","volume":"43","author":"Fert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuetz, A., Deleage, C., Sereti, I., Rerknimitr, R., Phanuphak, N., Phuang-Ngern, Y., Estes, J.D., Sandler, N.G., Sukhumvittaya, S., and Marovich, M. (2014). Initiation of ART during early acute HIV infection preserves mucosal Th17 function and reverses HIV-related immune activation. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004543"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328344cefb","article-title":"Sigmoid Th17 populations, the HIV latent reservoir, and microbial translocation in men on long-term antiretroviral therapy","volume":"25","author":"Chege","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38547-1","article-title":"Impact of HIV-ART on the restoration of Th17 and Treg cells in blood and female genital mucosa","volume":"9","author":"Caruso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000426","article-title":"Gut microbial diversity in HIV infection post combined antiretroviral therapy: A key target for prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Tremblay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164119825761","article-title":"Volumes of coronary plaque disease in relation to body mass index, waist circumference, truncal fat mass and epicardial adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and controls","volume":"16","author":"Gullaksen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diab Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Libby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troseid, M., Andersen, G.O., Broch, K., and Hov, J.R. (2020). The gut microbiome in coronary artery disease and heart failure: Current knowledge and future directions. EBioMedicine, 52.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102649"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00537-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and HIV Comorbidities","volume":"18","author":"Sim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113336","article-title":"Impaired gut microbiota-mediated short-chain fatty acid production precedes morbidity and mortality in people with HIV","volume":"42","author":"Sereti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946320221117933","DOI":"10.1177\/03946320221117933","article-title":"Identification of heterogeneous subsets of aortic interleukin-17A-expressing CD4(+) T cells in atherosclerotic mice","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003451","article-title":"Sex modulates the association between inflammation and coronary atherosclerosis among older Ugandan adults with and without HIV","volume":"37","author":"Shakil","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac874","article-title":"Association between the development of sub-clinical cardiovascular disease and HIV reservoir markers in people with HIV on suppressive ART","volume":"76","author":"Turcotte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.04.004","article-title":"Human Th17 cells in infection and autoimmunity","volume":"11","author":"Sallusto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242741","article-title":"Human Th17 subsets","volume":"42","author":"Sallusto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011383107","article-title":"Human oral, gut, and plaque microbiota in patients with atherosclerosis","volume":"108","author":"Koren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Drautz-Moses, D.I., Alhede, M., Maw, M.T., Liu, Y., Purbojati, R.W., Yap, Z.H., Kushwaha, K.K., Gheorghe, A.G., and Bjarnsholt, T. (2015). In silico analyses of metagenomes from human atherosclerotic plaque samples. Microbiome, 3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-015-0100-y"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2023.01.001","article-title":"Immuno-metabolic control of the balance between Th17-polarized and regulatory T-cells during HIV infection","volume":"69","author":"Yero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32ra36","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000632","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 alters the balance of TH17 to regulatory T cells in HIV disease","volume":"2","author":"Favre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chevalier, M.F., Petitjean, G., Dunyach-Remy, C., Didier, C., Girard, P.M., Manea, M.E., Campa, P., Meyer, L., Rouzioux, C., and Lavigne, J.P. (2013). The Th17\/Treg ratio, IL-1RA and sCD14 levels in primary HIV infection predict the T-cell activation set point in the absence of systemic microbial translocation. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003453"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.044","article-title":"Genetic diversity of CX3CR1 gene and coronary artery disease: New insights through a meta-analysis","volume":"207","author":"Apostolakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/15284336.2016.1162386","article-title":"Non-classical monocytes predict progression of carotid artery bifurcation intima-media thickness in HIV-infected individuals on stable antiretroviral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Chow","year":"2016","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0206125","article-title":"CD16+ monocytes produce IL-6, CCL2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 upon interaction with CX3CL1-expressing endothelial cells","volume":"80","author":"Ancuta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048681","article-title":"CCL25 and CCR9 is a unique pathway that potentiates pannus formation by remodeling RA macrophages into mature osteoclasts","volume":"51","author":"Umar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003342","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003342","article-title":"C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 9 Exacerbates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73852-0","article-title":"The rapid CD4 + T-lymphocyte decline and human immunodeficiency virus progression in females compared to males","volume":"10","author":"Parsa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/2\/157\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:47:17Z","timestamp":1760104037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/2\/157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13020157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13020157","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]}}}