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Campylobacter jejuni is a major zoonotic pathogen accounting for a substantial portion of bacterial foodborne illnesses. The germ colonizes the intestines of birds and is mainly transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated poultry meat. In the human gastrointestinal tract, the bacterium triggers campylobacteriosis that can progress to serious secondary disorders, including reactive arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome. We recently discovered that C. jejuni serine protease HtrA disrupts intestinal epithelial barrier functions via cleavage of the tight and adherens junction components occludin, claudin-8 and E-cadherin. However, it is unknown whether epithelial damage is mediated by the secreted soluble enzyme, by HtrA contained in shed outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) or by another mechanism that has yet to be identified. In the present study, we investigated whether soluble recombinant HtrA and\/or purified OMVs induce junctional damage to polarized intestinal epithelial cells compared to live C. jejuni bacteria. By using electron and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, we show that HtrA-expressing C. jejuni bacteria trigger efficient junctional cell damage, but not soluble purified HtrA or HtrA-containing OMVs, not even at high concentrations far exceeding physiological levels. Instead, we found that only bacteria with active protein biosynthesis effectively cleave junctional proteins, which is followed by paracellular transmigration of C. jejuni through the epithelial cell layer. These findings shed new light on the pathogenic activities of HtrA and virulence strategies of C. jejuni.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T06:54:12Z","timestamp":1706165652000},"page":"224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Campylobacter jejuni Surface-Bound Protease HtrA, but Not the Secreted Protease nor Protease in Shed Membrane Vesicles, Disrupts Epithelial Cell-to-Cell Junctions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9873-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irshad","family":"Sharafutdinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Tegtmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstra\u00dfe 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Olofsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zia ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Arnqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8948-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Backert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00766-3","article-title":"Paracellular permeability and tight junction regulation in gut health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Horowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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