{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:41:49Z","timestamp":1791841309577,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 AI080581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI080581"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Aims: Ultrasonography has shown that eosinophils accumulate in each segment of the esophageal mucosa in human EoE, ultimately promoting esophageal motility dysfunction; however, no mechanistic evidence explains how or why this accumulation occurs. Methods: Quantitative PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, immunostaining, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed using antibodies specific to the related antigens and receptors. Results: In deep esophageal biopsies of EoE patients, eosinophils and mast cells accumulate adjacent to nerve cell-derived VIP in each esophageal segment. qRT-PCR analysis revealed five- to sixfold increases in expression levels of VIP, CRTH2, and VAPC2 receptors and proteins in human blood- and tissue-accumulated eosinophils and mast cells. We also observed a significant correlation between mRNA CRTH2 levels and eosinophil- and nerve cell-derived VIPs in human EoE (p &lt; 0.05). We provide evidence that eosinophil and mast cell deficiency following CRTH2 antagonist treatment improves motility dysfunction in a chronic DOX-inducible CC10-IL-13 murine model of experimental EoE. Conclusions: CRTH2 antagonist treatment is a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammatory cell-induced esophageal motility dysfunction in IL-13-induced chronic experimental EoE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T03:22:31Z","timestamp":1707189751000},"page":"295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor, CRTH2, Antagonist Treatment Improves Eosinophil and Mast Cell-Mediated Esophageal Remodeling and Motility Dysfunction in Eosinophilic Esophagitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-1543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandra Sekhar","family":"Yadavalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sathisha","family":"Upparahalli Venkateshaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alok K.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Childrens Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6900-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandrasekhar","family":"Kathera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pearce S.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Vaezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary Diseases, Tulane Eosinophilic Disorder Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70411-2","article-title":"Food allergy. Part 1: Immunopathogenesis and clinical disorders","volume":"103","author":"Sampson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-199511000-00013","article-title":"The role of the eosinophil in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"11","author":"Furuta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200001001-00005","article-title":"Eosinophilic gastroenteritis","volume":"30","author":"Kelly","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90637-1","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis attributed to gastroesophageal reflux: Improvement with an amino acid-based formula","volume":"109","author":"Kelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(01)78007-8","article-title":"Gastrointestinal eosinophils in health and disease","volume":"78","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10224","article-title":"An etiological role for aeroallergens and eosinophils in experimental esophagitis","volume":"107","author":"Mishra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"555","article-title":"Gastro-esophageal reflux in infants, children and adults. Hiatal hernia","volume":"53","author":"Cadiot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Prat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1067\/S0016-5107(03)01870-4","article-title":"Clinical and endoscopic features of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults","volume":"58","author":"Croese","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296781","article-title":"Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Attwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2014.02.010","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis: Historical perspective on an evolving disease","volume":"43","author":"Attwood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2004.04.008","article-title":"Ringed oesophagus and idiopathic eosinophilic oesophagitis in adults: An association in two cases","volume":"37","author":"Cantu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-004-9588-x","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: An emerging disease","volume":"49","author":"Lucendo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"795","article-title":"What is your diagnosis? Primary eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"93","author":"Straumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200010000-00005","article-title":"Correlation of endoscopy and histology in the gastroesophageal mucosa in children: Are routine biopsies justified?","volume":"31","author":"Dahshan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00828.x","article-title":"Esophageal stricture: Incidence, treatment patterns, and recurrence rate","volume":"101","author":"Ruigomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2361041100","article-title":"Idiopathic eosinophilic esophagitis in adults: The ringed esophagus","volume":"236","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G463","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.3.G463","article-title":"Esophagitis-related esophageal shortening in opossum is associated with longitudinal muscle hyperresponsiveness","volume":"280","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90814-1","article-title":"Esophageal shortening induced by short-term intraluminal acid perfusion in opossum: A cause for hiatus hernia?","volume":"107","author":"Paterson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.71","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: Evidenced based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)","volume":"108","author":"Dellon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550220094013","article-title":"Food allergy","volume":"278","author":"Sampson","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Metcalfe, D.D., Sampson, H.A., and Simon, R.A. (2003). Food Allergy: Adverse Reactions to Foods and Additives, Blackwell Publishing. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.03.014","article-title":"Update on food allergy","volume":"113","author":"Sampson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3033","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis of eosinophilic esophagitis provides insight into the tissue specificity of this allergic disease","volume":"46","author":"Kottyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2014.27","article-title":"Analysis and expansion of the eosinophilic esophagitis transcriptome by RNA sequencing","volume":"15","author":"Sherrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2014.02.003","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"43","author":"Sherrill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00128","article-title":"Tissue Remodeling in Chronic Eosinophilic Esophageal Inflammation: Parallels in Asthma and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Nhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2014.10.004","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis: An autoimmune esophageal disorder","volume":"44","author":"Malhotra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.64.6.828","article-title":"Signaling in neuropeptide-induced migration of human eosinophils","volume":"64","author":"Dunzendorfer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.422675","article-title":"Novel association between vasoactive intestinal peptide and CRTH2 receptor in recruiting eosinophils: A possible biochemical mechanism for allergic eosinophilic inflammation of the airways","volume":"288","author":"Begon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.05.017","article-title":"Spatio-temporal localization of vasoactive intestinal peptide and neutral endopeptidase in allergic murine lungs","volume":"164","author":"Samarasinghe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1087","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00070.2013","article-title":"Pathogenic role of mast cells in experimental eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"304","author":"Niranjan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12096","article-title":"Anti-eosinophil activity and clinical efficacy of the CRTH2 antagonist OC000459 in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"68","author":"Straumann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.07.044","article-title":"An antibody against IL-5 reduces numbers of esophageal intraepithelial eosinophils in children with eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"141","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-018-8674-3","article-title":"Biological Therapies for Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"55","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2205982","article-title":"Dupilumab in Adults and Adolescents with Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"387","author":"Dellon","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020656","article-title":"Targeted deletion of a high-affinity GATA-binding site in the GATA-1 promoter leads to selective loss of the eosinophil lineage in vivo","volume":"195","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03151.x","article-title":"The function of CCR3 on mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells in vitro","volume":"129","author":"Collington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G499","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00141.2014","article-title":"Allergen-induced resistin-like molecule-alpha promotes esophageal epithelial cell hyperplasia in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"307","author":"Mavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2013.05.006","article-title":"Histamine receptor H4 regulates mast cell degranulation and IgE induced FcepsilonRI upregulation in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells","volume":"283","author":"Mirzahosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.30","article-title":"Allergen-induced interleukin-18 promotes experimental eosinophilic oesophagitis in mice","volume":"93","author":"Dutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadavalli, C.S., Upparahalli Venkateshaiah, S., Kumar, S., Kandikattu, H.K., Oruganti, L., Kathera, C.S., and Mishra, A. (2023). Allergen-induced NLRP3\/caspase1\/IL-18 signaling initiate eosinophilic esophagitis and respective inhibitors protect disease pathogenesis. Commun. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-05130-4"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.025","article-title":"Regulatory effects of Interleukin (IL)-15 on allergen-induced airway obstruction","volume":"141","author":"Venkateshaiah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3568","article-title":"Alterations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors in allergic rhinitis","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szema, A.M., Hamidi, S.A., Koller, A., and Martin, D.W. (2011). Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Knockout (VIP KO) mouse model of sulfite-sensitive asthma: Up-regulation of novel lung carbonyl reductase. BMC Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-12-66"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2155","article-title":"Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide on the proximal and distal parts from the dentate line in the normal human internal anal sphincter","volume":"59","author":"Tomita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-3623(86)90102-3","article-title":"The enteric nervous system of Rana ridibunda stomach","volume":"17","author":"Junquera","year":"1986","journal-title":"General. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10329","article-title":"TSLP promotes interleukin-3-independent basophil haematopoiesis and type 2 inflammation","volume":"477","author":"Siracusa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00345-9","article-title":"Central control of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation","volume":"108","author":"Hornby","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.116569","article-title":"EUS and histopathologic correlates in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"54","author":"Stevoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2003.33","article-title":"High-resolution EUS in children with eosinophilic \u201callergic\u201d esophagitis","volume":"57","author":"Fox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90241-X","article-title":"PGP 9.5--a new marker for vertebrate neurons and neuroendocrine cells","volume":"278","author":"Thompson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(98)00122-9","article-title":"Vagal nerve stimulation releases vasoactive intestinal peptide which significantly increases coronary artery blood flow","volume":"40","author":"Feliciano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(91)90060-G","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide nerve fibers in human and monkey (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta) kidneys","volume":"32","author":"Norvell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Auton. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050789","article-title":"Distribution of neuropeptide-containing nerve fibers in the human submandibular gland, with special reference to the difference between serous and mucous acini","volume":"288","author":"Kusakabe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26679","article-title":"Eotaxin-3 and a uniquely conserved gene-expression profile in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"116","author":"Blanchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.09.006","article-title":"Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide in promoting the pathogenesis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)","volume":"5","author":"Verma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1347","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00013.2012","article-title":"Esophageal functional impairments in experimental eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"302","author":"Mavi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110424200","article-title":"Enterocyte expression of the eotaxin and interleukin-5 transgenes induces compartmentalized dysregulation of eosinophil trafficking","volume":"277","author":"Mishra","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-03004-4","article-title":"Doxycycline for transgene control disrupts gut microbiome diversity without compromising acute neuroinflammatory response","volume":"21","author":"Koller","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0147","article-title":"The tetracycline-controlled transactivator (Tet-On\/Off) system in \u03b2-cells reduces insulin expression and secretion in mice","volume":"70","author":"Jouvet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13314","article-title":"Tacrolimus (FK506) treatment protects allergen-, IL-5-and IL-13-induced mucosal eosinophilia","volume":"163","author":"Kandikattu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-003-0203-5","article-title":"Reflux esophagitis: Sequelae and differential diagnosis in infants and children including eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"7","author":"Dahms","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31802c0d06","article-title":"Activated mucosal mast cells differentiate eosinophilic (allergic) esophagitis from gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"44","author":"Kirsch","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06770.x","article-title":"Esophageal motor abnormalities in eosinophilic esophagitis identified by high-resolution manometry","volume":"26","author":"Santander","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giec.2007.09.006","article-title":"Esophageal dysmotility in patients who have eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"18","author":"Nurko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.11.1519","article-title":"Oesophageal motility and gastro-oesophageal reflux before and after healing of reflux oesophagitis. A study using 24 hour ambulatory pH and pressure monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Timmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.07.038","article-title":"Eosinophilic esophagitis: Pathogenesis, genetics, and therapy","volume":"118","author":"Blanchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31817f0197","article-title":"Dissociation between symptoms and histological severity in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"48","author":"Pentiuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.120095","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"108","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.01.007","article-title":"Involvement of interleukin-18 in the pathogenesis of human eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"157","author":"Niranjan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e318043c097","article-title":"Interplay of adaptive th2 immunity with eotaxin-3\/cC chemokine receptor 3 in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"45","author":"Bullock","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2017.09.002","article-title":"Neuroendocrine cells derived chemokine vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in allergic diseases","volume":"38","author":"Verma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.10.3309","article-title":"Neuropeptides modulate human eosinophil chemotaxis","volume":"149","author":"Numao","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02705.x","article-title":"Neuropeptides activate human mast cell degranulation and chemokine production","volume":"123","author":"Kulka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1860","article-title":"Fraktalkine produced by airway smooth muscle cells contributes to mast cell recruitment in asthma","volume":"176","author":"Berger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-111-4-1248","article-title":"Regulatory peptides in the mammalian respiratory tract","volume":"111","author":"Ghatei","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2010.09.022","article-title":"The absence of VPAC2 leads to aberrant antibody production in Aspergillus fumigatus sensitized and challenged mice","volume":"32","author":"Samarasinghe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1477","article-title":"Down-regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor expression in atopic dermatitis","volume":"111","author":"Groneberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moon, T.C., Campos-Alberto, E., Yoshimura, T., Bredo, G., Rieger, A.M., Puttagunta, L., Barreda, D.R., Befus, A.D., and Cameron, L. (2014). Expression of DP2 (CRTh2), a prostaglandin D(2) receptor, in human mast cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108595"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051135","article-title":"TSLP-activated dendritic cells induce an inflammatory T helper type 2 cell response through OX40 ligand","volume":"202","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19966","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011759200","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta and ciliary neurotrophic factor synergistically induce vasoactive intestinal peptide gene expression through the cooperation of Smad, STAT, and AP-1 sites","volume":"276","author":"Pitts","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00621.x","article-title":"Substance P enhances cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression on cultured rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes","volume":"113","author":"Lambert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.025","article-title":"IL-4 receptor alpha blockade dampens allergic inflammation and upregulates IL-17A expression to promote Saureus clearance in antigen sensitized mouse skin","volume":"152","author":"McGurk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.04.012","article-title":"KIT as a master regulator of the mast cell lineage","volume":"149","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14597","article-title":"Blockage of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 attenuates allergic asthma in mice","volume":"176","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"165","article-title":"CRTH2 antagonists in asthma: Current perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301399","article-title":"The murine CCR3 receptor regulates both eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness in IgE-mediated allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"96","author":"Fukuda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-020-00427-w","article-title":"Targeted Therapies for Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders","volume":"34","author":"Lucendo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioDrugs"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/4\/295\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:55:32Z","timestamp":1760104532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/4\/295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13040295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13040295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]}}}