{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:45:52Z","timestamp":1791895552891,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral consumption of alcohol (ethanol) has a long tradition in humans and is an integral part of many cultures. The causal relationship between ethanol consumption and numerous diseases is well known. In addition to the well-described harmful effects on the liver and pancreas, there is also evidence that ethanol abuse triggers pathological skin conditions, including acne. In the present study, we addressed this issue by investigating the effect of ethanol on the energy metabolism in human SZ95 sebocytes, with particular focus on qualitative and quantitative lipogenesis. It was found that ethanol is a strong trigger for lipogenesis, with moderate effects on cell proliferation and toxicity. We identified the non-oxidative metabolism of ethanol, which produced fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), as relevant for the lipogenic effect\u2014the oxidative metabolism of ethanol does not contribute to lipogenesis. Correspondingly, using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, we found an inhibition of the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate as a measure of mitochondrial ATP production by ethanol. The ATP production rate from glycolysis was not affected. These data corroborate that ethanol-induced lipogenesis is independent from oxygen. In sum, our results give a causal explanation for the prevalence of acne in heavy drinkers, confirming that alcoholism should be considered as a systemic disease. Moreover, the identification of key factors driving ethanol-dependent lipogenesis may also be relevant in the treatment of acne vulgaris.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alcohol Promotes Lipogenesis in Sebocytes\u2014Implications for Acne"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kleemann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Jindrich","family":"Cinatl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"},{"name":"Dr. Petra Joh-Forschungshaus, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Z\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"\u00d6zistanbullu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1646-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos C.","family":"Zouboulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergy and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6157-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Kippenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404167111","article-title":"Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human-directed fermentation","volume":"112","author":"Carrigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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