{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:18:04Z","timestamp":1773404284191,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mahidol University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is unclear how the immune system controls the transition from latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) to active pulmonary infection (PTB). Here, we applied mass spectrometry cytometry time-of-flight (CyTOF) analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to compare the immunological landscapes in patients with high tuberculous bacillary load PTB infections and LTBI. A total of 32 subjects (PTB [n = 12], LTBI [n = 17], healthy volunteers [n = 3]) were included. Participants with active PTBs were phlebotomized before administering antituberculosis treatment, whereas participants with LTBI progressed to PTB at the time of household screening. In the present study, CyTOF analysis identified significantly higher percentages of mucosal-associated invariant natural killer T (MAIT NKT) cells in subjects with LTBI than in those with active PTB and healthy controls. Moreover, 6 of 17 (35%) subjects with LTBI progressed to active PTB (LTBI progression) and had higher proportions of MAIT NKT cells and early NKT cells than those without progression (LTBI non-progression). Subjects with LTBI progression also showed a tendency toward low B cell levels relative to other subject groups. In conclusion, MAIT NKT cells were substantially more prevalent in subjects with LTBI, particularly those with progression to active PTB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13040362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T11:23:57Z","timestamp":1708341837000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparison of the Single Cell Immune Landscape between Subjects with High Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillary Loads during Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Household Members with Latent Tuberculosis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0428-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supitcha","family":"Kamolratanakul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wassawon","family":"Ariyanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Banphaeo General Hospital (BGH), Samutsakhon 74120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0928-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanyarat","family":"Udompornpitak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thansita","family":"Bhunyakarnjanarat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asada","family":"Leelahavanichkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jittima","family":"Dhitavat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2730-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polrat","family":"Wilairatana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2965-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiwat","family":"Chancharoenthana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit (TITRU), Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S184","DOI":"10.1086\/651490","article-title":"Pediatric tuberculosis: Global overview and challenges","volume":"50","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. 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