{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:06:04Z","timestamp":1788519964659,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIH NIAAA Fellowship F31AA030445 (MC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1AA027111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA027111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIH NIAAA Fellowship F31AA030445 (MC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"NIH NIAAA Fellowship F31AA030445 (MC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD103536"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"T32 Training Grant T32NS115705 (MC)","award":["RO1AA027111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA027111"]}]},{"name":"T32 Training Grant T32NS115705 (MC)","award":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"]}]},{"name":"T32 Training Grant T32NS115705 (MC)","award":["P50HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD103536"]}]},{"name":"University of Rochester Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center","award":["RO1AA027111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA027111"]}]},{"name":"University of Rochester Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center","award":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"]}]},{"name":"University of Rochester Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center","award":["P50HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD103536"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["RO1AA027111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1AA027111"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UR-IDDRC HD103536"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["P50HD103536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50HD103536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) caused by developmental ethanol exposure lead to cerebellar impairments, including motor problems, decreased cerebellar weight, and cell death. Alterations in the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, Purkinje cells, and central nervous system immune cells, microglia, have been reported in animal models of FASD. To determine how developmental ethanol exposure affects adult cerebellar microglia and Purkinje cells, we used a human third-trimester binge exposure model in which mice received ethanol or saline from postnatal (P) days 4\u20139. In adolescence, cerebellar cranial windows were implanted and mice were aged to young adulthood for examination of microglia and Purkinje cells in vivo with two-photon imaging or in fixed tissue. Ethanol had no effect on microglia density, morphology, dynamics, or injury response. However, Purkinje cell linear frequency was reduced by ethanol. Microglia\u2013Purkinje cell interactions in the Purkinje Cell Layer were altered in females compared to males. Overall, developmental ethanol exposure had few effects on cerebellar microglia in young adulthood and Purkinje cells appeared to be more susceptible to its effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T10:47:30Z","timestamp":1708685250000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Developmental Ethanol Exposure Impacts Purkinje Cells but Not Microglia in the Young Adult Cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4899-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MaKenna Y.","family":"Cealie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Douglas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik D.","family":"Vonkaenel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth and Biological Systems Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew N.","family":"McCall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-8099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul D.","family":"Drew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ania K.","family":"Majewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153113","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3113","article-title":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"136","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00420-x","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Popova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leung, E.C.H., Jain, P., Michealson, M.A., Choi, H., Ellsworth-Kopkowski, A., and Valenzuela, C.F. (2023). Recent Breakthroughs in Understanding the Cerebellum\u2019s Role in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. Alcohol, in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2023.12.003"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0382-9","article-title":"Exposure of neonatal rats to alcohol has differential effects on neuroinflammation and neuronal survival in the cerebellum and hippocampus","volume":"12","author":"Topper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01039.x","article-title":"Abnormal development of the cerebellar vermis in children prenatally exposed to alcohol: Size reduction in lobules I-V","volume":"20","author":"Sowell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00265","article-title":"Timing of therapies for Down syndrome: The sooner, the better","volume":"9","author":"Stagni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146654","article-title":"Neurodevelopment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): A magnetic resonance region of interest analysis","volume":"1732","author":"Inkelis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa020","article-title":"Graded Cerebellar Lobular Volume Deficits in Adolescents and Young Adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)","volume":"30","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.016","article-title":"Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on fine motor coordination and balance: A study of two adult samples","volume":"44","author":"Connor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903620210","article-title":"Permanent neuronal cell loss in the cerebellum of rats exposed to continuous low blood alcohol levels during the brain growth spurt: A stereological investigation","volume":"362","author":"Napper","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2017.00011","article-title":"What the Spectrum of Microglial Functions Can Teach us about Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Synaptic Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"738","article-title":"Alcohol-induced Purkinje cell loss with a single binge exposure in neonatal rats: A stereological study of temporal windows of vulnerability","volume":"21","author":"Goodlett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-8329(90)90070-S","article-title":"A single day of alcohol exposure during the brain growth spurt induces brain weight restriction and cerebellar Purkinje cell loss","volume":"7","author":"Goodlett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901790104","article-title":"Prenatal development of the cerebellar system in the rat. I. Cytogenesis and histogenesis of the deep nuclei and the cortex of the cerebellum","volume":"179","author":"Altman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0278-5","article-title":"Radial glial cells and the lamination of the cerebellar cortex","volume":"215","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90331-0","article-title":"The growth of the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the rat","volume":"112","author":"Berry","year":"1976","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(20000228)418:1<106::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Dynamic transformation of Bergmann glial fibers proceeds in correlation with dendritic outgrowth and synapse formation of cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"418","author":"Yamada","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00484","article-title":"Neuronal Migration During Development of the Cerebellum","volume":"12","author":"Bergen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607037104","article-title":"Purkinje cell dysfunction and alteration of long-term synaptic plasticity in fetal alcohol syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Servais","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12362","article-title":"Third trimester-equivalent ethanol exposure does not alter complex spikes and climbing fiber long-term depression in cerebellar Purkinje neurons from juvenile rats","volume":"38","author":"Morton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.04.001","article-title":"Little cells of the little brain: Microglia in cerebellar development and function","volume":"44","author":"Stoessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.02.016","article-title":"Protection of neurons and microglia against ethanol in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists","volume":"25","author":"Kane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24797","article-title":"Ethanol modulation of cerebellar neuroinflammation in a postnatal mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"99","author":"Kane","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176581","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1176581","article-title":"Developmental ethanol exposure has minimal impact on cerebellar microglial dynamics, morphology, and interactions with Purkinje cells during adolescence","volume":"17","author":"Cealie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00069-8","article-title":"Microglia promote the death of developing Purkinje cells","volume":"41","author":"Dusart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05100-z","article-title":"Microglia permit climbing fiber elimination by promoting GABAergic inhibition in the developing cerebellum","volume":"9","author":"Nakayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.07.078","article-title":"Microglia-Triggered Plasticity of Intrinsic Excitability Modulates Psychomotor Behaviors in Acute Cerebellar Inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22572","article-title":"Cerebellar microglia are dynamically unique and survey Purkinje neurons in vivo","volume":"78","author":"Stowell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4106","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.11.4106-4114.2000","article-title":"Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.09.003","article-title":"Developmental alcohol exposure impairs synaptic plasticity without overtly altering microglial function in mouse visual cortex","volume":"67","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22843","article-title":"Dynamics of microglia and dendritic spines in early adolescent cortex after developmental alcohol exposure","volume":"81","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5834","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14706","article-title":"Acute ethanol exposure rapidly alters cerebellar and cortical microglial physiology","volume":"54","author":"Stowell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0582-9","article-title":"Ilastik: Interactive machine learning for (bio)image analysis","volume":"16","author":"Berg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10905","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10905","article-title":"Microglial P2Y12 is necessary for synaptic plasticity in mouse visual cortex","volume":"7","author":"Sipe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitelaw, B.S., Matei, E.K., and Majewska, A.K. (2020). Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase gamma Is Not a Predominant Regulator of ATP-Dependent Directed Microglial Process Motility or Experience-Dependent Ocular Dominance Plasticity. eNeuro, 7.","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0311-20.2020"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-01018-x","article-title":"Cellpose: A generalist algorithm for cellular segmentation","volume":"18","author":"Stringer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24808","article-title":"Microglia and astrocytes show limited, acute alterations in morphology and protein expression following a single developmental alcohol exposure","volume":"99","author":"Lowery","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23192","article-title":"The microglial fractalkine receptor is not required for activity-dependent plasticity in the mouse visual system","volume":"65","author":"Lowery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2008.07.012","article-title":"Activation of the maternal immune system alters cerebellar development in the offspring","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12639","article-title":"Pioglitazone blocks ethanol induction of microglial activation and immune responses in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders","volume":"39","author":"Drew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, L., Feidler, A.M., Li, H., Kara-Pabani, K., Lamantia, C., O\u2019Banion, M.K., and Majewska, K.A. (2023). Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology via activation of microglial beta2 adrenergic receptors. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.01.569564"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vonkaenel, E., Feidler, A., Lowery, R., Andersh, K., Love, T., Majewska, A., and McCall, M.N. (2023). A Model-Based Hierarchical Bayesian Approach to Sholl Analysis. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.01.23.525256"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24323","article-title":"Movers and shakers: Microglial dynamics and modulation of neural networks","volume":"71","author":"Whitelaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111161","article-title":"Prenatal environmental stressors impair postnatal microglia function and adult behavior in males","volume":"40","author":"Block","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.01.013","article-title":"Gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin primes cortical microglia to tissue injury","volume":"101","author":"Lowery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00808.x","article-title":"The effects of the timing of ethanol exposure during the brain growth spurt on the number of cerebellar Purkinje and granule cell nuclear profiles","volume":"17","author":"Hamre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.040","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling is necessary for microglia viability, unmasking a microglia progenitor cell in the adult brain","volume":"82","author":"Elmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X10000165","article-title":"Bergmann glial ensheathment of dendritic spines regulates synapse number without affecting spine motility","volume":"6","author":"Lordkipanidze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5748(94)90016-7","article-title":"Combined pre- and postnatal ethanol exposure alters the development of Bergmann glia in rat cerebellum","volume":"12","author":"Shetty","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903210103","article-title":"Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the development of Bergmann glia and astrocytes in the rat cerebellum: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"321","author":"Shetty","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.002","article-title":"Cerebellar granule cell and Bergmann glial cell maturation in the rat is disrupted by pre- and post-natal exposure to moderate levels of ethanol","volume":"23","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01743.x","article-title":"Acute and long-term Purkinje cell loss following a single ethanol binge during the early third trimester equivalent in the rat","volume":"36","author":"Idrus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2011.01594.x","article-title":"Auditory brainstem response (ABR) abnormalities across the life span of rats prenatally exposed to alcohol","volume":"36","author":"Church","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0326-7","article-title":"Early life alcohol exposure primes hypothalamic microglia to later-life hypersensitivity to immune stress: Possible epigenetic mechanism","volume":"44","author":"Chastain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-016-9691-8","article-title":"Effects of Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure during Early Gestation in Rats on Inflammation across the Maternal-Fetal-Immune Interface and Later-Life Immune Function in the Offspring","volume":"11","author":"Terasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13114","article-title":"Alcohol-Induced Developmental Origins of Adult-Onset Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Lunde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/5\/386\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:03:55Z","timestamp":1760105035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/5\/386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13050386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13050386","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}