{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:15:03Z","timestamp":1768094103058,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bright Focus Foundation","award":["G2018056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2018056"]}]},{"name":"Bright Focus Foundation","award":["G2018168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2018168"]}]},{"name":"Bright Focus Foundation","award":["R01EY029823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029823"]}]},{"name":"Bright Focus Foundation","award":["R21EY028690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EY028690"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2018056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2018056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2018168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2018168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY029823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY029823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21EY028690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EY028690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Embolism, hyperglycemia, high intraocular pressure-induced increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and microglial activation result in endothelial\/retinal ganglion cell death. Here, we conducted in vitro and in vivo ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) efficacy studies of a hybrid antioxidant\u2013nitric oxide donor small molecule, SA-10, to assess its therapeutic potential for ocular stroke. Methods: To induce I\/R injury and inflammation, we subjected R28 and primary microglial cells to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) for 6 h in vitro or treated these cells with a cocktail of TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IFN-\u03b3 for 1 h, followed by the addition of SA-10 (10 \u00b5M). Inhibition of microglial activation, ROS scavenging, cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities were measured. In vivo I\/R-injured mouse retinas were treated with either PBS or SA-10 (2%) intravitreally, and pattern electroretinogram (ERG), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, flash ERG and retinal immunocytochemistry were performed. Results: SA-10 significantly inhibited microglial activation and inflammation in vitro. Compared to the control, the compound SA-10 significantly attenuated cell death in both microglia (43% vs. 13%) and R28 cells (52% vs. 17%), decreased ROS (38% vs. 68%) production in retinal microglia cells, preserved neural retinal function and increased SOD1 in mouse eyes. Conclusion: SA-10 is protective to retinal neurons by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T07:51:39Z","timestamp":1708933899000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Hybrid Small-Molecule SA-10 in Ischemia\/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Neuronal Injury Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Amankwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorea Gamboa","family":"Acha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Dibas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sai H.","family":"Chavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4955-9855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3110-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biji","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suchismita","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2003.12.001","article-title":"Retinal ischemia: Mechanisms of damage and potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"23","author":"Osborne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. 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