{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:36:56Z","timestamp":1787027816504,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":251,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["316590\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316590\/2020-7"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["307539\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307539\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["303882\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303882\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["2016\/20796-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/20796-2"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["2020\/04709-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04709-8"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo-FAPESP","award":["316590\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316590\/2020-7"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo-FAPESP","award":["307539\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307539\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo-FAPESP","award":["303882\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303882\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo-FAPESP","award":["2016\/20796-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/20796-2"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo-FAPESP","award":["2020\/04709-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04709-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo-FAPESP","award":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo-FAPESP","award":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013CAPES","award":["316590\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316590\/2020-7"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013CAPES","award":["307539\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307539\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013CAPES","award":["303882\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303882\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013CAPES","award":["2016\/20796-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/20796-2"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013CAPES","award":["2020\/04709-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04709-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013CAPES","award":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2013CAPES","award":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIH\/NIAAA R03AA022479 and NIH\/NIGMS","award":["316590\/2020-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316590\/2020-7"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIH\/NIAAA R03AA022479 and NIH\/NIGMS","award":["307539\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307539\/2018"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIH\/NIAAA R03AA022479 and NIH\/NIGMS","award":["303882\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303882\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIH\/NIAAA R03AA022479 and NIH\/NIGMS","award":["2016\/20796-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/20796-2"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIH\/NIAAA R03AA022479 and NIH\/NIGMS","award":["2020\/04709-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04709-8"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIH\/NIAAA R03AA022479 and NIH\/NIGMS","award":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2021-PROPG CAPES-PRINT\/UFBA"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health-NIH\/NIAAA R03AA022479 and NIH\/NIGMS","award":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 SO6 GM08016-39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability that also includes non-motor symptoms such as mood dysregulation. Dopamine (DA) is the primary neurotransmitter involved in this disease, but cholinergic imbalance has also been implicated. Current intervention in PD is focused on replenishing central DA, which provides remarkable temporary symptomatic relief but does not address neuronal loss and the progression of the disease. It has been well established that neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) can regulate DA release and that nicotine itself may have neuroprotective effects. Recent studies identified nAChRs in nonneuronal cell types, including glial cells, where they may regulate inflammatory responses. Given the crucial role of neuroinflammation in dopaminergic degeneration and the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in this response, glial nAChRs may provide a novel therapeutic target in the prevention and\/or treatment of PD. In this review, following a brief discussion of PD, we focus on the role of glial cells and, specifically, their nAChRs in PD pathology and\/or treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13060474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T11:33:06Z","timestamp":1709811186000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Glial Cells as Molecular Target for Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"\u00c9rica Novaes","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carla dos Santos","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel de Jesus","family":"Ferrolho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Portes","family":"Ureshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, Diadema 09961-400, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruk","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8975-3871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia Lima","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8032-9663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Diogenes Amaral","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousef","family":"Tizabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, August 26). Parkinson Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/parkinson-disease."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24778","article-title":"Physiology of Freezing of Gait","volume":"80","author":"Snijders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-021-00375-5","article-title":"Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"39","author":"Tizabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vall\u00e9s, A.S., and Barrantes, F.J. (2023). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Dysfunction in Addiction and in Some Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12162051"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12563","article-title":"The Genetic Background of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Current Progress and Future Prospects","volume":"134","author":"Kalinderi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.12.007","article-title":"The Genetics of Parkinson Disease","volume":"42","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001167","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014Genetic Cause","volume":"36","author":"Cherian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelopoulou, E., Paudel, Y.N., Papageorgiou, S.G., and Piperi, C. (2022). Environmental Impact on the Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis: A Narrative Review. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12020175"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011613-135937","article-title":"Environmental Toxins and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"54","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-3-10","article-title":"Considerations on the Role of Environmental Toxins in Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathophysiology","volume":"3","author":"Reichmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segura-Aguilar, J., and Mannervik, B. (2023). A Preclinical Model for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Based on Transcriptional Gene Activation via KEAP1\/NRF2 to Develop New Antioxidant Therapies. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030673"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527319666200902134129","article-title":"The Mechanism of Action of Salsolinol in Brain: Implications in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Voon","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666191104110908","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review from Pathophysiology to Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Marino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini. Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-023-00676-7","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Key Disease Hallmark with Therapeutic Potential","volume":"18","author":"Henrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.100972","article-title":"Neuronal Autophagy and Mitophagy in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"82","author":"Lizama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa238","article-title":"Brain-First versus Body-First Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Multimodal Imaging Case-Control Study","volume":"143","author":"Horsager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Wang, H., Ilyas, I., Mahmood, A., and Hou, L. (2023). Microglia and Astrocytes Dysfunction and Key Neuroinflammation-Based Biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040634"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3rska, A., Markiewicz-Gospodarek, A., Markiewicz, R., Chilimoniuk, Z., Borowski, B., Trubalski, M., and Czarnek, K. (2023). Distribution of Iron, Copper, Zinc and Cadmium in Glia, Their Influence on Glial Cells and Relationship with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13060911"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isik, S., Yeman Kiyak, B., Akbayir, R., Seyhali, R., and Arpaci, T. (2023). Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071012"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., Pajarillo, E., Nyarko-Danquah, I., Aschner, M., and Lee, E. (2023). Role of Astrocytes in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Associated with Genetic Mutations and Neurotoxicants. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040622"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piovesana, R., Reid, A.J., and Tata, A.M. (2022). Emerging Roles of Cholinergic Receptors in Schwann Cell Development and Plasticity. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010041"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00395","article-title":"Clinical and Imaging Markers of Prodromal Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Hustad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2019.08.002","article-title":"Parkinson Disease Epidemiology, Pathology, Genetics, and Pathophysiology","volume":"36","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4887","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000001142","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Updates: Addressing the Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, Genetics, Diagnosis, along with the Medical and Surgical Treatment","volume":"85","author":"Prajjwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty063","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic Application for Nicotinic Receptor Drugs in Movement Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Quik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-07-21-6093","article-title":"Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"50","author":"Carroll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120017","article-title":"Functional Neurological Disorder and Somatic Symptom Disorder in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"433","author":"Onofrj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Biase, L., Pecoraro, P.M., Carbone, S.P., Caminiti, M.L., and Di Lazzaro, V. (2023). Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Therapy Management Strategies and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134427"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bove, F., Angeloni, B., Sanginario, P., Rossini, P.M., Calabresi, P., and Di Iorio, R. (2024). Neuroplasticity in Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias: An Overview on Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets. Prog. Neurobiol., 232.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2023.102548"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g6258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6258","article-title":"Initial Management of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"349","author":"Goetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601888","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"37","author":"Tarakad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X1995000100001","article-title":"Tratamento Da Doen\u00e7a de Parkinson","volume":"53","author":"Cardoso","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.266268","article-title":"Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"67","author":"Malek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bye, L.J., Finol-Urdaneta, R.K., Tae, H.-S., and Adams, D.J. (2023). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Key Targets for Attenuating Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 157.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2023.106387"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179611","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1179611","article-title":"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Learning and Memory Deficits in Neuroinflammatory Diseases","volume":"17","author":"Echeverria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"31","article-title":"The Human Brain in Numbers: A Linearly Scaled-up Primate Brain","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., and Huang, S. (2023). Comparative Insight into Microglia\/Macrophages-Associated Pathways in Glioblastoma and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010016"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.04.002","article-title":"The Astrocyte Biochemistry","volume":"95","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.07.006","article-title":"Astrocyte-Neuron Metabolic Cooperation Shapes Brain Activity","volume":"33","author":"Bonvento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00021.2023","article-title":"Microglia in Central Control of Metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manu, D.R., Slevin, M., Barcutean, L., Forro, T., Boghitoiu, T., and Balasa, R. (2023). Astrocyte Involvement in Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Function: A Critical Update Highlighting Novel, Complex, Neurovascular Interactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417146"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, V.M., Auld, V., and Kl\u00e4mbt, C. (2024). Glia as Functional Barriers and Signaling Intermediaries. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041423"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.001","article-title":"Tripartite Synapses: Astrocytes Process and Control Synaptic Information","volume":"32","author":"Perea","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.056","article-title":"Cell Biology of Astrocyte-Synapse Interactions","volume":"96","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1890","article-title":"Pathological Correlates of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Molecules to Neural Networks","volume":"88","author":"Novikov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0017-17.2017","article-title":"Gliotransmission: Beyond Black-and-White","volume":"38","author":"Fiacco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108758","article-title":"The Tripartite Glutamatergic Synapse","volume":"199","author":"Lalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasia-Filho, A.A., Calcagnotto, M.E., and von Bohlen und Halbach, O. (2023). Dendritic Spines, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36159-3"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20280","article-title":"Peroxide Detoxification by Brain Cells","volume":"79","author":"Dringen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-014-1481-1","article-title":"Glutathione-Dependent Detoxification Processes in Astrocytes","volume":"40","author":"Dringen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.04.001","article-title":"Neuron-Astrocyte Metabolic Coupling Protects against Activity-Induced Fatty Acid Toxicity","volume":"177","author":"Ioannou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.33594\/000000495","article-title":"Channels and Transporters in Astrocyte Volume Regulation in Health and Disease","volume":"56","author":"Reed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23303","article-title":"Tanycytes and Hypothalamic Control of Energy Metabolism","volume":"66","author":"Ebling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.08.011","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes Enhance Axonal Energy Metabolism by Deacetylation of Mitochondrial Proteins through Transcellular Delivery of SIRT2","volume":"109","author":"Chamberlain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953995","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.953995","article-title":"The Properties and Functions of Glial Cell Types of the Hypothalamic Median Eminence","volume":"13","author":"Clayton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623310387619","article-title":"Microglia: Key Innate Immune Cells of the Brain","volume":"39","author":"Kofler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.10.016","article-title":"Emerging Roles of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02798-z","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors 2 and 4 Differentially Regulate the Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Spinal Cord Neural Precursor Cells","volume":"13","author":"Guerri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16011","article-title":"Microglia-derived Extracellular Vesicles in Homeostasis and Demyelination\/Remyelination Processes","volume":"168","author":"Mattera","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.06.010","article-title":"Glial Mechanisms Underlying Major Depressive Disorder: Potential Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"167","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scuderi, C., Verkhratsky, A., Parpura, V., and Li, B. (2021). Astrocytes in Psychiatric Disorders, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77375-5_1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718324","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.718324","article-title":"Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"15","author":"Hanslik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00378-1","article-title":"Shared and Disease-Specific Glial Gene Expression Changes in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02901-y","article-title":"Noteworthy Perspectives on Microglia in Neuropsychiatric Disorders","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09925-8","article-title":"Combined 1-Deoxynojirimycin and Ibuprofen Treatment Decreases Microglial Activation, Phagocytosis and Dopaminergic Degeneration in MPTP-Treated Mice","volume":"16","author":"Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.330589","article-title":"Microglia Activation, Classification and Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Modulators in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Marchi, F., Munitic, I., Vidatic, L., Papi\u0107, E., Ra\u010dki, V., Nimac, J., Jurak, I., Novotni, G., Rogelj, B., and Vuletic, V. (2023). Overlapping Neuroimmune Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0808.v1"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanism and Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathak, D., and Sriram, K. (2023). Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neuroinflammation Elicited by Occupational Injuries and Toxicants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032272"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04468-5","article-title":"The Role of Microglia in the Development of Neurodegeneration","volume":"41","author":"Saitgareeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231706","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2023.1231706","article-title":"The Dual Face of Microglia (M1\/M2) as a Potential Target in the Protective Effect of Nutraceuticals against Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"4","author":"Darwish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103416","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1103416","article-title":"Microglia Activation in Central Nervous System Disorders: A Review of Recent Mechanistic Investigations and Development Efforts","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16064","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4158-11.2011","article-title":"The Role of Microglia in the Healthy Brain: Figure 1","volume":"31","author":"Tremblay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nimmerjahn, A. (2012). Two-Photon Imaging of Microglia in the Mouse Cortex In Vivo. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., 2012.","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot069294"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701673","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.701673","article-title":"Classification of Microglial Morphological Phenotypes Using Machine Learning","volume":"15","author":"Leyh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-247","article-title":"Rod Microglia: Elongation, Alignment, and Coupling to Form Trains across the Somatosensory Cortex after Experimental Diffuse Brain Injury","volume":"9","author":"Ziebell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, S.E., Morganti-Kossmann, C., Lifshitz, J., and Ziebell, J.M. (2014). Rod Microglia: A Morphological Definition. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097096"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0343-2","article-title":"LRP1 Expression in Microglia Is Protective during CNS Autoimmunity","volume":"4","author":"Chuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-01027-6","article-title":"Role of Microgliosis and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis and Therapy","volume":"42","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956185","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.956185","article-title":"Inflammatory Role of Microglia in Brain Injury Caused by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13108","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13108","article-title":"TREM2-induced Activation of Microglia Contributes to Synaptic Integrity in Cognitively Intact Aged Individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s Neuropathology","volume":"33","author":"Fracassi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2020.07.004","article-title":"Microglia as Therapeutic Target in Central Nervous System Disorders","volume":"144","author":"Fatoba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169320","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1169320","article-title":"Neuron-Astrocyte Omnidirectional Signaling in Neurological Health and Disease","volume":"16","author":"Pathak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02452-8","article-title":"Microglial Cell Response in \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-Deficient Mice after Systemic Infection with Escherichia Coli","volume":"19","author":"Hoogland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deyell, J.S., Sriparna, M., Ying, M., and Mao, X. (2023). The Interplay between \u03b1-Synuclein and Microglia in \u03b1-Synucleinopathies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032477"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01402-y","article-title":"The Involvement of \u03b1-Synucleinopathy in the Disruption of Microglial Homeostasis Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"2468","article-title":"Iron Toxicity, Ferroptosis and Microbiota in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Implications for Novel Targets","volume":"11","author":"Carvalho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Neurotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308345","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1308345","article-title":"New Insight on Microglia Activation in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saramowicz, K., Siwecka, N., Galita, G., Kucharska-Lusina, A., Rozp\u0119dek-Kami\u0144ska, W., and Majsterek, I. (2023). Alpha-Synuclein Contribution to Neuronal and Glial Damage in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010360"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00844","article-title":"Molecular Crosstalk Between Circadian Rhythmicity and the Development of Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24261","article-title":"Circadian Modulation of Microglial Physiological Processes and Immune Responses","volume":"71","author":"Morin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22437","article-title":"Toll-like Receptor 4 Is Required for \u03b1-synuclein Dependent Activation of Microglia and Astroglia","volume":"61","author":"Fellner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.007","article-title":"Role of Astroglial Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) in Central Nervous System Infections, Injury and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.11.020","article-title":"Serine-129 Phosphorylation of \u03b1-Synuclein Is an Activity-Dependent Trigger for Physiologic Protein-Protein Interactions and Synaptic Function","volume":"111","author":"Madhivanan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harvey, J., Pishva, E., Chouliaras, L., and Lunnon, K. (2023). Elucidating Distinct Molecular Signatures of Lewy Body Dementias. Neurobiol. Dis., 188.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106337"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00783-4","article-title":"Reactive Astrocyte Nomenclature, Definitions, and Future Directions","volume":"24","author":"Escartin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824888","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.824888","article-title":"Microglia and Astrocyte Function and Communication: What Do We Know in Humans?","volume":"16","author":"Garland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00507","article-title":"Activation of A7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Protects Against 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium-Induced Astroglial Apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Hua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24011","article-title":"Nicotine Induces Morphological and Functional Changes in Astrocytes via Nicotinic Receptor Activity","volume":"69","author":"Aryal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, R., Schneider, A.M., Mulloy, S.M., and Lee, A.M. (2023). Expression Pattern of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit Transcripts in Neurons and Astrocytes in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Locus Coeruleus. Eur. J. Neurosci., early view.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.04.28.537363"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112674","article-title":"Astrocytic \u03b14-Containing NAChR Signaling in the Hippocampus Governs the Formation of Temporal Association Memory","volume":"42","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(01)00283-3","article-title":"Strategies for Metabolic Exchange between Glial Cells and Neurons","volume":"129","author":"Deitmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.19","article-title":"Lactate in the Brain: From Metabolic End-Product to Signalling Molecule","volume":"19","author":"Magistretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0244-3","article-title":"Development of \u03b1-Synuclein Immunoreactive Astrocytes in the Forebrain Parallels Stages of Intraneuronal Pathology in Sporadic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"114","author":"Braak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24092","article-title":"Overexpression of \u03b1-Synuclein in an Astrocyte Cell Line Promotes Autophagy Inhibition and Apoptosis","volume":"96","author":"Erustes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.27720","article-title":"Glutathione Transferase Mu 2 Protects Glioblastoma Cells against Aminochrome Toxicity by Preventing Autophagy and Lysosome Dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Huenchuguala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.04.014","article-title":"DT-Diaphorase Protects Astrocytes from Aminochrome-Induced Toxicity","volume":"55","author":"Huenchuguala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-014-9500-1","article-title":"Glutathione Transferase-M2-2 Secreted from Glioblastoma Cell Protects SH-SY5Y Cells from Aminochrome Neurotoxicity","volume":"27","author":"Cuevas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00327-5","article-title":"Cellular Trafficking of Glutathione Transferase M2-2 Between U373MG and SHSY-S7 Cells Is Mediated by Exosomes","volume":"39","author":"Valdes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segura-Aguilar, J., Mu\u00f1oz, P., Inzunza, J., Varshney, M., Nalvarte, I., and Mannervik, B. (2022). Neuroprotection against Aminochrome Neurotoxicity: Glutathione Transferase M2-2 and DT-Diaphorase. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020296"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05672-9","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Other Synucleinopathies: From Overt Neurodegeneration Back to Early Synaptic Dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Calabresi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.016","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Inflammation in Neurodegeneration","volume":"140","author":"Glass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.007","article-title":"The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Inflammation","volume":"41","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00822-1","article-title":"Functional Roles of Reactive Astrocytes in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration","volume":"19","author":"Patani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24040","article-title":"The Search for True Numbers of Neurons and Glial Cells in the Human Brain: A Review of 150 Years of Cell Counting","volume":"524","author":"Bahney","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-273","article-title":"Cellular Responses and Functions of \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation in the Brain: A Narrative Review","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00340","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes in a Nutshell","volume":"9","author":"Michalski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, J., He, C., Zhang, S., Zhao, Y., Zhu, M., Tang, X., Li, Q., Xu, L., and Yang, Y. (2023). Progress in Methods for Evaluating Schwann Cell Myelination and Axonal Growth in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration via Scaffolds. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1308761"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Fallon, M., and Tadi, P. (2023). Histology, Schwann Cells, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17876-0","article-title":"A Single-Cell Atlas of the Human Substantia Nigra Reveals Cell-Specific Pathways Associated with Neurological Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-023-01055-5","article-title":"Changes in Oligodendroglial Subpopulations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"16","author":"Bae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10984","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0304-06.2006","article-title":"Genetic and Physiological Evidence That Oligodendrocyte Gap Junctions Contribute to Spatial Buffering of Potassium Released during Neuronal Activity","volume":"26","author":"Menichella","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., and Zhang, J. (2023). Neuronal Activity and Remyelination: New Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advancements. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1221890"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22767","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors 2 and 3 Agonists Differentially Affect Oligodendrocyte Survival, Differentiation, and Myelin Membrane Formation","volume":"90","author":"Bsibsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammation","volume":"332","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22664","article-title":"NG2 Cells (Polydendrocytes): Listeners to the Neural Network with Diverse Properties","volume":"62","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2019.11.005","article-title":"NG2 Cells and Their Neurogenic Potential","volume":"50","author":"Kirdajova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-011-1838-2","article-title":"Roles of NG2 Glial Cells in Diseases of the Central Nervous System","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22859","article-title":"NG2-glia and Their Functions in the Central Nervous System","volume":"63","author":"Dimou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1563-z","article-title":"NG2, a Common Denominator for Neuroinflammation, Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Alteration, and Oligodendrocyte Precursor Response in EAE, Plays a Role in Dendritic Cell Activation","volume":"132","author":"Ferrara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Wang, Q., Yang, Q., Gu, H., Yin, Y., Li, Y., Hou, J., Chen, R., Sun, Q., and Sun, Y. (2019). NG2 Glia Regulate Brain Innate Immunity via TGF-\u03922\/TGFBR2 Axis. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1439-x"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, X., Geng, P., Zhao, X., Wang, Q., Liu, C., Guo, C., Dong, W., and Jin, X. (2023). The NG2-Glia Is a Potential Target to Maintain the Integrity of Neurovascular Unit after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurobiol. Dis., 180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106076"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20834","article-title":"Functional \u03b17-containing Nicotinic Receptors of NG2-expressing Cells in the Hippocampus","volume":"57","author":"Audinat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24352","article-title":"Dysfunction of NG2 Glial Cells Affects Neuronal Plasticity and Behavior","volume":"71","author":"Timmermann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01978-x","article-title":"Health Effects Associated with Smoking: A Burden of Proof Study","volume":"28","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dani, J.A. (2015). Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Structure and Function and Response to Nicotine. Int. Rev. Neurobiol., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2015.07.001"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108021","article-title":"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Conventional and Unconventional Ligands and Signaling","volume":"168","author":"Papke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2021.101044","article-title":"Nicotinic Receptors: From Protein Allostery to Computational Neuropharmacology","volume":"84","author":"Cecchini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors to Regulate Important Brain Activity\u2014What Occurs at the Molecular Level?","volume":"19","author":"Nara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogn. Neurodyn."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Wonnacott, S. (2020). Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Tizabi, Y., Getachew, B., Tsytsarev, V., Csoka, A.B., Copeland, R.L., and Heinbockel, T. (2023). Acetylcholine\u2014Recent Advances and New Perspectives, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasheverov, I., Kudryavtsev, D., Shelukhina, I., Nikolaev, G., Utkin, Y., and Tsetlin, V. (2022). Marine Origin Ligands of Nicotinic Receptors: Low Molecular Compounds, Peptides and Proteins for Fundamental Research and Practical Applications. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020189"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170912110450","article-title":"Neuronal and Extraneuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"16","author":"Zoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25239","article-title":"Apoptosis in the Neuroprotective Effect of \u03b17 Nicotinic Receptor in Neurodegenerative Models","volume":"101","author":"Mugayar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106758","article-title":"Neuroimmune Nexus in the Pathophysiology and Therapy of Inflammatory Disorders: Role of \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"191","author":"Keever","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106975","article-title":"Ionotropic and Metabotropic Responses by Alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"197","author":"Sinclair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106715","article-title":"Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Therapeutic Targets for Novel Ligands to Treat Pain and Inflammation","volume":"190","author":"Hone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-023-00797-0","article-title":"The Controversial Effect of Smoking and Nicotine in SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"19","author":"Salehi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelukhina, I., Siniavin, A., Kasheverov, I., Ojomoko, L., Tsetlin, V., and Utkin, Y. (2023). \u03b17- and \u03b19-Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Functioning of Immune System and in Pain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076524"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000299","article-title":"Neurobiological Mechanisms of Nicotine Reward and Aversion","volume":"74","author":"Wills","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., and Picciotto, M.R. (2023). Nicotine Addiction: More than Just Dopamine. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 83.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2023.102797"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansone, L., Milani, F., Fabrizi, R., Belli, M., Cristina, M., Zag\u00e0, V., de Iure, A., Cicconi, L., Bonassi, S., and Russo, P. (2023). Nicotine: From Discovery to Biological Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914570"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.06.004","article-title":"Novel Targets for Parkinsonism-Depression Comorbidity","volume":"167","author":"Tizabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-0380-z","article-title":"Targeting the Cholinergic System in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.08.018","article-title":"Nicotine and Networks: Potential for Enhancement of Mood and Cognition in Late-Life Depression","volume":"84","author":"Gandelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.04.018","article-title":"Severity of Negative Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Occurring during Acute Abstinence from Tobacco: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"115","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01207-0","article-title":"Effect of Nicotine on Quinpirole-Induced Checking Behavior in Rats: Implications for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"51","author":"Tizabi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2016.00244","article-title":"Attenuation of Compulsive-Like Behavior Through Positive Allosteric Modulation of A4\u03b22 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Non-Induced Compulsive-Like Mice","volume":"10","author":"Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845646","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.845646","article-title":"Tobacco and ADHD: A Role of MAO-Inhibition in Nicotine Dependence and Alleviation of ADHD Symptoms","volume":"16","author":"Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00194-4","article-title":"Nicotine Attenuates DOI-Induced Head-Twitch Response in Mice: Implications for Tourette Syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Tizabi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2005.06.010","article-title":"Effects of Donepezil, Nicotine and Haloperidol on the Central Serotonergic System in Mice: Implications for Tourette\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Hayslett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.014","article-title":"Alpha7 Nicotinic Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"97","author":"Quik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.06.001","article-title":"Do Nicotinic Receptors Modulate High-Order Cognitive Processing?","volume":"43","author":"Koukouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640674","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.640674","article-title":"Nicotine and Cognition in Cognitively Normal Older Adults","volume":"13","author":"Nop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05711-9","article-title":"Nicotinic Receptor Modulation of the Default Mode Network","volume":"238","author":"Hahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xiao, T., Zhao, C., and Li, G. (2023). The Regulation of Exosome Generation and Function in Physiological and Pathological Processes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010255"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz126","article-title":"Nicotine Induced Neurocognitive Protection and Anti-Inflammation Effect by Activating \u03b14\u03b22 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Ischemic Rats","volume":"22","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05870-3","article-title":"Anticataleptic Activity of Nicotine in Rats: Involvement of the Lateral Entorhinal Cortex","volume":"238","author":"Ionov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108053","article-title":"\u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Schizophrenia: Update on Animal and Clinical Studies and Strategies for the Future","volume":"170","author":"Terry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666170818102108","article-title":"New Insights on Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors as Targets for Pain and Inflammation: A Focus on \u03b17 NAChRs","volume":"16","author":"Bagdas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107693","article-title":"Nicotine\u2019 Actions on Energy Balance: Friend or Foe?","volume":"219","author":"Nogueiras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106860","article-title":"Central and Peripheral Actions of Nicotine That Influence Blood Glucose Homeostasis and the Development of Diabetes","volume":"194","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106790","article-title":"Autoimmunity to Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors","volume":"192","author":"Pechlivanidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold, E.C., Soler-Llavina, G., Kambara, K., and Bertrand, D. (2023). The Importance of Ligand Gated Ion Channels in Sleep and Sleep Disorders. Biochem. Pharmacol., 212.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115532"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12086","article-title":"Review Article: Ulcerative Colitis, Smoking and Nicotine Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Lunney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_176","unstructured":"Morioka, N., Hisaoka-Nakashima, K., and Nakata, Y. (2018). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in Neuroprotection, Springer."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826889","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.826889","article-title":"Nicotine in Inflammatory Diseases: Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Inflammatory Effects","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okada, K., and Matsuo, K. (2023). Nicotine Exerts a Stronger Immunosuppressive Effect Than Its Structural Analogs and Regulates Experimental Colitis in Rats. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030922"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990416","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Etiology, Pathogenesis and Current Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Ko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.10.005","article-title":"Nicotine and Autoimmunity: The Lotus\u2019 Flower in Tobacco","volume":"128","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15521","article-title":"Nicotine and the Nicotinic Cholinergic System in COVID-19","volume":"287","author":"Tizabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bele, T., Turk, T., and Kri\u017eaj, I. (2024). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Cancer: Limitations and Prospects. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis. Dis., 1870.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166875"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a009621","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009621","article-title":"Functional Neuroanatomy of the Basal Ganglia","volume":"2","author":"Lanciego","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1845-9","article-title":"The Striatal Cholinergic System in L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesias","volume":"125","author":"Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"Tizabi, Y., Getachew, B., Copeland, R.L., Moratalla, R., Patricio, F., Lim\u00f3n, I.D., Del Bel, E., and Aschner, M. (2021). Handbook of Neurotoxicity, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033982","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Nicotine against Salsolinol-Induced Cytotoxicity: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Copeland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00238-5","article-title":"Butyrate Protects Against Salsolinol-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implication for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"38","author":"Getachew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-023-00682-z","article-title":"Butyrate Protects and Synergizes with Nicotine against Iron- and Manganese-Induced Toxicities in Cell Culture","volume":"42","author":"Tizabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.12.003","article-title":"Nicotine Protects against Manganese and Iron-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implication for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"124","author":"Getachew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-012-9326-7","article-title":"Protective Effects of Nicotine Against Aminochrome-Induced Toxicity in Substantia Nigra Derived Cells: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Huenchuguala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2017.01.002","article-title":"Nicotine Suppresses the Neurotoxicity by MPP +\/MPTP through Activating \u03b17nAChR\/PI3K\/Trx-1 and Suppressing ER Stress","volume":"59","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557647","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.557647","article-title":"Nicotine Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Hippocampal Neuronal Injury Through \u03b17-NAChR\/Erk1\/2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088957","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1088957","article-title":"Nicotine Alleviates MPTP-Induced Nigrostriatal Damage through Modulation of JNK and ERK Signaling Pathways in the Mice Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239009","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1239009","article-title":"Nicotine-Mediated Effects in Neuronal and Mouse Models of Synucleinopathy","volume":"17","author":"Fares","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, J.I., Porcu, A., Romoli, B., Keisler, M., Manfredsson, F.P., Powell, S.B., and Dulcis, D. (2023). Nicotine-Mediated Recruitment of GABAergic Neurons to a Dopaminergic Phenotype Attenuates Motor Deficits in an Alpha-Synuclein Parkinson\u2019s Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044204"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Emadi, S., Shen, J.-X., Sierks, M.R., and Wu, J. (2013). Human A4\u03b22 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor as a Novel Target of Oligomeric \u03b1-Synuclein. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055886"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.03.002","article-title":"Anti-Fibrillogenic and Fibril-Destabilizing Activity of Nicotine in Vitro: Implications for the Prevention and Therapeutics of Lewy Body Diseases","volume":"205","author":"Ono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786404191","article-title":"Alpha-Synuclein Assembly as a Therapeutic Target of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Ono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.02.002","article-title":"Nicotine Slows down Oligomerisation of \u03b1-Synuclein and Ameliorates Cytotoxicity in a Yeast Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"1863","author":"Kardani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis. Dis."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.04.017","article-title":"Nicotine Prevents Alpha-Synuclein Accumulation in Mouse and Human IPSC-Derived Dopaminergic Neurons through Activation of the Dopamine D3- Acetylcholine Nicotinic Receptor Heteromer","volume":"129","author":"Bono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Li, Y., Li, Y., Xu, S., Tao, T., Hua, Y., Zhang, J., and Fan, Y. (2021). Activation of A7-NAChRs Promotes the Clearance of \u03b1-Synuclein and Protects Against Apoptotic Cell Death Induced by Exogenous \u03b1-Synuclein Fibrils. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.637319"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/01913123.2021.2015499","article-title":"Testing Efficacy of the Nicotine Protection of the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta in a Rat Parkinson Disease Model. Ultrastructure Study","volume":"46","author":"Elgayar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrastruct. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557523666230517163501","article-title":"Research Progress of \u03b1-Synuclein Aggregation Inhibitors for Potential Parkinson\u2019s Disease Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Kalsoom","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mini. Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2018.05.018","article-title":"Chronic Nicotine Improves Cognitive and Social Impairment in Mice Overexpressing Wild Type \u03b1-Synuclein","volume":"117","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, T.-S., Liu, S.C.-H., and Wu, R.-M. (2021). Alpha-Synuclein and Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11111239"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2174\/138161282210160304112133","article-title":"Targeting the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (NAChRs) in Astrocytes as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Capani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29283","article-title":"Nicotine-Mediated Rescue of \u03b1-Synuclein Toxicity Requires Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2 in Drosophila","volume":"38","author":"Olsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"14","article-title":"Nicotinic Receptor Intervention in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Future Directions","volume":"1","author":"Tizabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, S., Khatri, S.N., Maulik, M., Bult-Ito, A., and Schulte, M. (2020). Allosterism of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Therapeutic Potential for Neuroinflammation Underlying Brain Trauma and Degenerative Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144918"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manetti, D., Dei, S., Arias, H.R., Braconi, L., Gabellini, A., Teodori, E., and Romanelli, M.N. (2023). Recent Advances in the Discovery of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Allosteric Modulators. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031270"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106759","article-title":"Potentiation and Allosteric Agonist Activation of \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Binding Sites and Hypotheses","volume":"191","author":"Sanders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402177","article-title":"The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway: A Missing Link in Neuroimmunomodulation","volume":"9","author":"Pavlov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.05.002","article-title":"Cholinergic Modulation of the Immune System Presents New Approaches for Treating Inflammation","volume":"179","author":"Hoover","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roa-Vidal, N., Rodr\u00edguez-Aponte, A.S., Lasalde-Dominicci, J.A., Cap\u00f3-V\u00e9lez, C.M., and Delgado-V\u00e9lez, M. (2023). Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1647.v1"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051760","article-title":"Fat Meets the Cholinergic Antiinflammatory Pathway","volume":"202","author":"Tracey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rueda Ruzafa, L., Cedillo, J.L., and Hone, A.J. (2021). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Involvement in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Interactions with Gut Microbiota. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18031189"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicks, L.M.T. (2022). Gut Bacteria and Neurotransmitters. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091838"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2206148","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in the Brain and Role of Intestinal Microbiota: An Overview of the Players","volume":"22","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102177","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Mediated Regulation of Neuroinflammation","volume":"76","author":"Bostick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tizabi, Y., Bennani, S., El Kouhen, N., Getachew, B., and Aschner, M. (2023). Interaction of Heavy Metal Lead with Gut Microbiota: Implications for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202304.0753.v2"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101812","article-title":"Role of Enteric Glia and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"84","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, I., Issac, P.K., Rahman, M.d.M., Guru, A., and Arockiaraj, J. (2023). Gut-Brain Axis a Key Player to Control Gut Dysbiosis in Neurological Diseases. Mol. Neurobiol., 1\u201319. online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03691-3"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e172192","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.172192","article-title":"Gut Mucosal Cells Transfer \u03b1-Synuclein to the Vagus Nerve","volume":"8","author":"Chandra","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02088-x","article-title":"Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Relationships among the Vagus Nerve, Gut Microbiota, Obesity, and Diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Longo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"372","article-title":"Nicotine modulates the release of inflammatory cytokines and expression of TLR2, TLR4 of cord blood mononuclear cells","volume":"17","author":"Parivar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00413","article-title":"Differential Effects of Nicotine, Alcohol, and Coexposure on Neuroimmune-Related Protein and Gene Expression in Corticolimbic Brain Regions of Rats","volume":"14","author":"Randall","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takata, K., Kimura, H., Yanagisawa, D., Harada, K., Nishimura, K., Kitamura, Y., Shimohama, S., and Tooyama, I. (2022). Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Microglia as Therapeutic and Imaging Targets in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092780"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181084","article-title":"Potential Astrocytic Receptors and Transporters in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mizrachi, T., Vaknin-Dembinsky, A., Brenner, T., and Treinin, M. (2021). Neuroinflammation Modulation via \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Its Chaperone, RIC-3. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26206139"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00792-4","article-title":"The Role of Astrocytic \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"19","author":"Fontana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32558-9","article-title":"Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Nucleus of Meynert Regulates Chronic Pain-like Behavior via Modulation of the Prelimbic Cortex","volume":"13","author":"Oswald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180133","article-title":"The Nucleus Basalis of Meynert and Its Role in Deep Brain Stimulation for Cognitive Disorders: A Historical Perspective","volume":"69","author":"Koulousakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0967-6","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astroglial \u03b17 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Are Mediated by Inhibition of the NF-\u039aB Pathway and Activation of the Nrf2 Pathway","volume":"14","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piovesana, R., Salazar Intriago, M.S., Dini, L., and Tata, A.M. (2021). Cholinergic Modulation of Neuroinflammation: Focus on \u03b17 Nicotinic Receptor. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094912"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.05.012","article-title":"Enhancing Myelin Renewal Reverses Cognitive Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"109","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazuir, E., Fricker, D., and Sol-Foulon, N. (2021). Neuron\u2013Oligodendrocyte Communication in Myelination of Cortical GABAergic Cells. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030216"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.134916","article-title":"Neuron-Oligodendroglia Interactions: Activity-Dependent Regulation of Cellular Signaling","volume":"727","author":"Thornton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202976","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202202976","article-title":"Optogenetic Stimulation of MPFC Alleviates White Matter Injury-Related Cognitive Decline after Chronic Ischemia through Adaptive Myelination","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagy, B., Hovhannisyan, A., Barzan, R., Chen, T.-J., and Kukley, M. (2017). Different Patterns of Neuronal Activity Trigger Distinct Responses of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Corpus Callosum. PLoS Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001993"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.645240","article-title":"Can Enhancing Neuronal Activity Improve Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis?","volume":"15","author":"Maas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23101","article-title":"Cholinergic Signaling in Myelination","volume":"65","author":"Fields","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14927","article-title":"Donepezil-induced Oligodendrocyte Differentiation Is Mediated through Estrogen Receptors","volume":"155","author":"Imamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01838-7","article-title":"NG2-Glia: Rising Stars in Stress-Related Mental Disorders?","volume":"28","author":"Poggi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02043-5","article-title":"Reactivity and Increased Proliferation of NG2 Cells Following Central Nervous System Infection with Theiler\u2019s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus","volume":"17","author":"Bell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24471","article-title":"Astrocyte-like Subpopulation of NG2 Glia in the Adult Mouse Cortex Exhibits Characteristics of Neural Progenitor Cells","volume":"72","author":"Janeckova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21040","article-title":"The 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Nigrostriatal Neurodegeneration Produces Microglia-like NG2 Glial Cells in the Rat Substantia Nigra","volume":"58","author":"Kitamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977","article-title":"The Biology, Function, and Biomedical Applications of Exosomes","volume":"367","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, T., Li, M., Liu, Q., Yu, A., Cheng, K., Ma, J., Murphy, S., McNutt, P.M., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Insights into Optimizing Exosome Therapies for Acute Skin Wound Healing and Other Tissue Repair. Front. Med., 1\u201327. epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-023-1031-9"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01704-0","article-title":"Clinical Applications of Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175909142311559","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914231155976","article-title":"Dynamic Involvement of Striatal NG2-Glia in L-DOPA Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinsonian Rats: Effects of Doxycycline","volume":"15","author":"Nascimento","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, A., Matsubara, K., Matsubara, Y., Nakaoka, H., and Sugiyama, T. (2023). The Influence of Nicotine on Trophoblast-Derived Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Pathogenic Preeclampsia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1713.v1"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/6\/474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:34Z","timestamp":1760105434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/6\/474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":251,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13060474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13060474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}