{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:18:24Z","timestamp":1792523904723,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001742","name":"United States\u2014Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BSF 2019076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSF 2019076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001742","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001742","name":"United States\u2014Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1297\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1297\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001742","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001742","name":"United States\u2014Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["929\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["929\/23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001742","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Israel Science Foundation","award":["BSF 2019076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BSF 2019076"]}]},{"name":"Israel Science Foundation","award":["1297\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1297\/18"]}]},{"name":"Israel Science Foundation","award":["929\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["929\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite glial cells (SGCs) are the main type of glial cells in sensory ganglia. Animal studies have shown that these cells play essential roles in both normal and disease states. In a large number of pain models, SGCs were activated and contributed to the pain behavior. Much less is known about SGCs in humans, but there is emerging recognition that SGCs in humans are altered in a variety of clinical states. The available data show that human SGCs share some essential features with SGCs in rodents, but many differences do exist. SGCs in DRG from patients suffering from common painful diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia, may contribute to the pain phenotype. It was found that immunoglobulins G (IgG) from fibromyalgia patients can induce pain-like behavior in mice. Moreover, these IgGs bind preferentially to SGCs and activate them, which can sensitize the sensory neurons, causing nociception. In other human diseases, the evidence is not as direct as in fibromyalgia, but it has been found that an antibody from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis binds to mouse SGCs, which leads to the release of pronociceptive factors from them. Herpes zoster is another painful disease, and it appears that the zoster virus resides in SGCs, which acquire an abnormal morphology and may participate in the infection and pain generation. More work needs to be undertaken on SGCs in humans, and this review points to several promising avenues for better understanding disease mechanisms and developing effective pain therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T12:50:49Z","timestamp":1711371049000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Satellite Glial Cells in Human Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Menachem","family":"Hanani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001838","article-title":"Bonica Award Lecture: Peripheral neuronal hyperexcitability: The \u201clow-hanging\u201d target for safe therapeutic strategies in neuropathic pain","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pannese, E. (2018). Biology and Pathology of Perineuronal Satellite Cells in Sensory Ganglia, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60140-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-020-0333-z","article-title":"Emerging importance of satellite glia in nervous system function and dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Hanani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740925X10000037","article-title":"The structure of the perineuronal sheath of satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia","volume":"6","author":"Pannese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron Glia Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019449","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.1019449","article-title":"Satellite Glial Cells: Morphology, functional heterogeneity, and role in pain","volume":"16","author":"Andreeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646068","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2021.646068","article-title":"Satellite Glial Cells in Pain Research: A Targeted Viewpoint of Potential and Future Directions","volume":"2","author":"Gazerani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.09.001","article-title":"Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia: From form to function","volume":"48","author":"Hanani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22541","article-title":"Communication between neuronal somata and satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-022-10460-7","article-title":"New Insights on the Role of Satellite Glial Cells","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGinnis, A., and Ji, R.R. (2023). The Similar and Distinct Roles of Satellite Glial Cells and Spinal Astrocytes in Neuropathic Pain. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202302.0448.v1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2022.07.001","article-title":"Plastic changes in nociceptive pathways contributing to persistent orofacial pain","volume":"64","author":"Shinoda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Biosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: Prevalence, impact on daily life, and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"McMahon, S.B., Koltzenburg, M., Tracey, I., and Turk, D. (2013). Wall and Melzack\u2019s Textbook of Pain, Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2022-0013","article-title":"Peripheral mechanisms of chronic pain","volume":"2","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2019","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain: From Mechanisms to Treatment","volume":"101","author":"Finnerup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.04.018","article-title":"Peripheral nervous system origin of phantom limb pain","volume":"155","author":"Vaso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.125","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.07.004","article-title":"Astrocyte Reactivity: Subtypes, States, and Functions in CNS Innate Immunity","volume":"S41","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malvaso, A., Gatti, A., Negro, G., Calatozzolo, C., Medici, V., and Poloni, T.E. (2023). Microglial Senescence and Activation in Healthy Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Systematic Review and Neuropathological Scoring. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2023.11.0064"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.021","article-title":"Astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis-A new target in stroke?","volume":"689","author":"Pekny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, H., Zhou, L., Haque, F.T., Martin-Jimenez, C., Trang, A., Benveniste, E.N., and Wang, Q.J. (2023). Diverse signaling mechanisms and heterogeneity of astrocyte reactivity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. J. Neurochem.","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16002"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00905-7","article-title":"Central Nervous System Targets: Glial Cell Mechanisms in Chronic Pain","volume":"17","author":"Donnelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108403","article-title":"The emerging science of Glioception: Contribution of glia in sensing, transduction, circuit integration of interoception","volume":"245","author":"Fabbri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.05.001","article-title":"Microglial diversity in neuropathic pain","volume":"46","author":"Tsuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04739-5","article-title":"Divergent transcriptional regulation of astrocyte reactivity across disorders","volume":"606","author":"Burda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22881","article-title":"Systemic inflammation activates satellite glial cells in the mouse nodose ganglion and alters their functions","volume":"63","author":"Belzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101011-155833","article-title":"TRP channels and pain","volume":"29","author":"Julius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.11.047","article-title":"Human vs. Mouse Nociceptors\u2014Similarities and Differences","volume":"387","author":"Rostock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-021-02656-6","article-title":"Functional subgroups of rat and human sensory neurons: A systematic review of electrophysiological properties","volume":"474","author":"Lampert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002628","article-title":"Profiling the molecular signature of satellite glial cells at the single cell level reveals high similarities between rodents and humans","volume":"163","author":"Avraham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcac256","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac256","article-title":"Distribution of acid-sensing ion channel subunits in human sensory neurons contrasts with that in rodents","volume":"4","author":"Shiers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.05.016","article-title":"Differential distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor components in the human trigeminal ganglion","volume":"169","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419896760","article-title":"Fluorescently-labeled fremanezumab is distributed to sensory and autonomic ganglia and the dura but not to the brain of rats with uncompromised blood brain barrier","volume":"40","author":"Noseda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122130","article-title":"Cross-species gene expression patterns of purinergic signaling in the human and mouse trigeminal ganglion","volume":"332","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0288-5","article-title":"Dorsal root ganglia in Friedreich ataxia: Satellite cell proliferation and inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Koeppen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.01.002","article-title":"Disruption of the P2X7 purinoceptor gene abolishes chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain","volume":"114","author":"Chessell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00271","article-title":"Human Dorsal Root Ganglia","volume":"13","author":"Haberberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00224.x","article-title":"The neuropathology of paraneoplastic syndromes","volume":"9","author":"Scaravilli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.07.022","article-title":"Intravenous paclitaxel administration in the rat induces a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by macrophage infiltration and injury to sensory neurons and their supporting cells","volume":"203","author":"Peters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01558.x","article-title":"Autometallographic mercury correlates with degenerative changes in dorsal root ganglia of rats intoxicated with organic mercury","volume":"107","author":"Danscher","year":"1999","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"ii43","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes: When to suspect, how to confirm, and how to manage","volume":"75","author":"Ree","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.114223","article-title":"Recent advances for using human induced-pluripotent stem cells as pain-in-a-dish models of neuropathic pain","volume":"358","author":"Labau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac031","article-title":"Stem cell-derived sensory neurons modelling inherited erythromelalgia: Normalization of excitability","volume":"146","author":"Alsaloum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2018.06.005","article-title":"Manifestations of Herpes Virus Infections in the Nervous System","volume":"36","author":"Steiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.06.027","article-title":"Human herpes simplex virus infections: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"57","author":"Fatahzadeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6979","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.12.6979-6987.2003","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus DNA in cells isolated from human trigeminal ganglia","volume":"77","author":"Levin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9773","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.24.9773","article-title":"Patterns of gene expression and sites of latency in human nerve ganglia are different for varicella-zoster and herpes simplex viruses","volume":"85","author":"Croen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(72)90120-7","article-title":"Herpes Zoster. Demonstration of virus in trigeminal nerve and ganglion by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy","volume":"15","author":"Esiri","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10980","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.10980","article-title":"Reactivated and latent varicella-zoster virus in human dorsal root ganglia","volume":"92","author":"Lungu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerboni, L., and Arvin, A. (2015). Neuronal Subtype and Satellite Cell Tropism Are Determinants of Varicella-Zoster Virus Virulence in Human Dorsal Root Ganglia Xenografts In Vivo. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004989"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e702","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000702","article-title":"Rethinking the causes of pain in herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: The ectopic pacemaker hypothesis","volume":"3","author":"Devor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Depledge, D.P., Sadaoka, T., and Ouwendijk, W.J.D. (2018). Molecular Aspects of Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201806.0036.v1"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6408","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2233-16.2017","article-title":"Neuroimmune-Glia Interactions in the Sensory Ganglia Account for the Development of Acute Herpetic Neuralgia","volume":"37","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0408-1","article-title":"Characterization of the immune response in ganglia after primary simian varicella virus infection","volume":"22","author":"Ouwendijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laemmle, L., Goldstein, R.S., and Kinchington, P.R. (2019). Modeling Varicella Zoster Virus Persistence and Reactivation\u2014Closer to Resolving a Perplexing Persistent State. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01634"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199212000-00016","article-title":"Latency in vitro of varicella-zoster virus in cells derived from human fetal dorsal root ganglia","volume":"32","author":"Somekh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18719","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18719","article-title":"Pain in people living with HIV\/AIDS: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Parker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.6.1120","article-title":"Expression of HIV-1 and interleukin-6 in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia of patients with AIDS","volume":"44","author":"Yoshioka","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420315","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection of dorsal root ganglion neurons detected by polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization","volume":"42","author":"Brannaga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-017-9594-z","article-title":"P2Y12 receptor upregulation in satellite glial cells is involved in neuropathic pain induced by HIV glycoprotein 120 and 2\u2032,3\u2032-dideoxycytidine","volume":"14","author":"Yi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10406-y","article-title":"Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)","volume":"268","author":"Harapan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-021-00987-8","article-title":"Headache as a Symptom of COVID-19: Narrative Review of 1-Year Research","volume":"25","author":"Caronna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5","article-title":"Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002051","article-title":"ACE2 and SCARF expression in human dorsal root ganglion nociceptors: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 virus neurological effects","volume":"161","author":"Shiers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e885","DOI":"10.1097\/PR9.0000000000000885","article-title":"Neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the peripheral nervous system: Implications for COVID-19 and pain","volume":"6","author":"McFarland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Rep."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eade4984","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.ade4984","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 airway infection results in the development of somatosensory abnormalities in a hamster model","volume":"16","author":"Serafini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211036665","article-title":"Activation of the trigeminal system as a likely target of SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to anosmia in COVID-19","volume":"42","author":"Messlinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318556","article-title":"Pain and the immune system: Emerging concepts of IgG-mediated autoimmune pain and immunotherapies","volume":"91","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.04.008","article-title":"Neuronal Fc-gamma receptor I mediated excitatory effects of IgG immune complex on rat dorsal root ganglion neurons","volume":"25","author":"Qu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900890","article-title":"Neuron-interacting satellite glial cells in human trigeminal ganglia have an APC phenotype","volume":"183","author":"Laman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2103726","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis\u2014Common Origins, Divergent Mechanisms","volume":"388","author":"Gravallese","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08406-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and its treatment with anti-inflammatory natural products","volume":"50","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42429","article-title":"The Biology of Pain: Through the Rheumatology Lens","volume":"75","author":"Sunzini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5","article-title":"Nociplastic pain: Towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions","volume":"397","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208094","article-title":"Autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins induce joint pain independent of inflammation via a chemokine-dependent mechanism","volume":"75","author":"Wigerblad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2009.07.015","article-title":"Visceral afferents: What role in post-inflammatory pain?","volume":"153","author":"Vergnolle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2016.11.026","article-title":"Long term effects of lipopolysaccharide on satellite glial cells in mouse dorsal root ganglia","volume":"350","author":"Blum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2174\/1876386301003010123","article-title":"Focal Inflammation Causes Carbenoxolone-Sensitive Tactile Hypersensitivity in Mice","volume":"3","author":"Hanstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Pain J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/08830188809044768","article-title":"Collagen arthritis in rats, arthritogenic lymphokines and other aspects","volume":"4","author":"Trentham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2022.01.003","article-title":"Pain-like behavior in the collagen antibody-induced arthritis model is regulated by lysophosphatidic acid and activation of satellite glia cells","volume":"101","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23585","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid activates satellite glia cells and Schwann cells","volume":"67","author":"Robering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.07.001","article-title":"Insights into Fc\u03b3R involvement in pain-like behavior induced by an RA-derived anti-modified protein autoantibody","volume":"113","author":"Jurczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4153-8","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15555","article-title":"Primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome-related peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Liampas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90261-K","article-title":"Expression of lymphocyte, macrophage and class I and II major histocompatibility complex antigens in normal human dorsal root ganglia","volume":"98","author":"Graus","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40550","article-title":"Brief Report: Anti-Calponin 3 Autoantibodies: A Newly Identified Specificity in Patients With Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"70","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.06.020","article-title":"Clinical Phenomenology of Fibromyalgia Syndrome in Male Patients: Same But Different","volume":"24","author":"Drusko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clauw, D., Sarzi-Puttini, P., Pellegrino, G., and Shoenfeld, Y. (2023). Is fibromyalgia an autoimmune disorder?. Autoimmun. Rev., 103424.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103424"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-023-05275-9","article-title":"Central and peripheral mechanisms of pain in fibromyalgia: Scoping review protocol","volume":"43","author":"Sandoval","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"426","article-title":"Fibromyalgia 2019: Myths and Realities","volume":"21","author":"Ablin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1252","article-title":"Comorbid fibromyalgia: A qualitative review of prevalence and importance","volume":"22","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144201","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144201","article-title":"Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice","volume":"131","author":"Goebel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002881","article-title":"Fibromyalgia patients with elevated levels of anti-satellite glia cell immunoglobulin G antibodies present with more severe symptoms","volume":"164","author":"Krock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150382","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150382","article-title":"From human to mouse and back offers hope for patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"131","author":"Tracey","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286420985323","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286420985323","article-title":"Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: Clinical presentations and management","volume":"14","author":"Devine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706169","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.706169","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Neuropathies: What\u2019s New Since the 2004 Recommended Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"12","author":"Zoccarato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199506013322203","article-title":"Calcium-channel antibodies in the Lambert-Eaton syndrome and other paraneoplastic syndromes","volume":"332","author":"Lennon","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"433","article-title":"Updated Review and Treatment Recommendations on Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes and Chronic Pain","volume":"22","author":"Blyakhman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182698cab","article-title":"Chronic pain as a manifestation of potassium channel-complex autoimmunity","volume":"79","author":"Klein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.05.023","article-title":"Peripheral inflammation suppresses inward rectifying potassium currents of satellite glial cells in the trigeminal ganglia","volume":"152","author":"Takeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4161","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5053-07.2008","article-title":"Silencing the Kir4.1 potassium channel subunit in satellite glial cells of the rat trigeminal ganglion results in pain-like behavior in the absence of nerve injury","volume":"28","author":"Vit","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00858724","article-title":"The inflammatory reaction of paraneoplastic ganglionitis and encephalitis: An immunohistochemical study","volume":"240","author":"Panegyres","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-001-0498-0","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of anti-Hu-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis","volume":"103","author":"Bernal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181b8b04f","article-title":"The reactions of glial cells and endoneurial macrophages in the dorsal root ganglion and their contribution to pain-related behavior after application of nucleus pulposus onto the nerve root in rats","volume":"35","author":"Otoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048-015-0439-z","article-title":"Milestones in Friedreich ataxia: More than a century and still learning","volume":"16","author":"Pedroso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogenetics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31827e5762","article-title":"Friedreich ataxia: Neuropathology revised","volume":"72","author":"Koeppen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00279-8","article-title":"Glial cell plasticity in sensory ganglia induced by nerve damage","volume":"114","author":"Hanani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qarot, E., Guan, Y., and Hanani, M. (2024). The protective barrier role of satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia. Glia.","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24511"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71779-1_13","article-title":"Clinical Features of Machado-Joseph Disease","volume":"1049","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25513","article-title":"Nonmotor and extracerebellar features in Machado-Joseph disease: A review","volume":"28","author":"Pedroso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71779-1_11","article-title":"The Neuropathology of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3\/Machado-Joseph Disease","volume":"1049","author":"Koeppen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11954-1","article-title":"Sensory neuropathy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"270","author":"Bombaci","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.05.004","article-title":"ALS: A bucket of genes, environment, metabolism and unknown ingredients","volume":"142","author":"Poza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595751","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.595751","article-title":"Satellite Glial Cells of the Dorsal Root Ganglion: A New \u201cGuest\/Physiopathological Target\u201d in ALS","volume":"12","author":"Riancho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00669-4","article-title":"Pathophysiology, phenotypes and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Indian and Chinese populations","volume":"18","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1","article-title":"Diabetic neuropathy","volume":"5","author":"Feldman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10364","article-title":"Changes of sodium channel expression in experimental painful diabetic neuropathy","volume":"52","author":"Craner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53480-4.00028-X","article-title":"Mechanisms of diabetic neuron damage: Molecular pathways","volume":"126","author":"Zochodne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12406","article-title":"Satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia are activated in streptozotocin-treated rodents","volume":"18","author":"Hanani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13252","article-title":"Cytoarchitectural analysis of the neuron-to-glia association in the dorsal root ganglia of normal and diabetic mice","volume":"237","author":"Ciglieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23942","article-title":"Satellite glia as a critical component of diabetic neuropathy: Role of lipocalin-2 and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 axis in the dorsal root ganglion","volume":"69","author":"Bhusal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00268","article-title":"Peripheral Glial Cells in the Development of Diabetic Neuropathy","volume":"9","author":"Pallesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297","article-title":"From inflammation to sickness and depression: When the immune system subjugates the brain","volume":"9","author":"Dantzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00fcrnberger, F., Ott, D., Cla\u00dfen, R., Rummel, C., Roth, J., and Leisengang, S. (2022). Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Challenge Induces Inflammatory Changes in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia: An Ex Vivo Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113124"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.05.029","article-title":"Systemic inflammation alters satellite glial cell function and structure. A possible contribution to pain","volume":"274","author":"Blum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100379","article-title":"Back to the future of psychoneuroimmunology: Studying inflammation-induced sickness behavior","volume":"18","author":"Lasselin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/7\/566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:17:32Z","timestamp":1760105852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/7\/566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13070566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13070566","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]}}}