{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:18:24Z","timestamp":1773386304524,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hungarian National Science Foundation","award":["NKFI K135877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFI K135877"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Science Foundation","award":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00008"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian National Science Foundation","award":["2018-05114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-05114"]}]},{"name":"National Laboratory for Biotechnology Program Grant","award":["NKFI K135877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFI K135877"]}]},{"name":"National Laboratory for Biotechnology Program Grant","award":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00008"]}]},{"name":"National Laboratory for Biotechnology Program Grant","award":["2018-05114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-05114"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKFI K135877"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFI K135877"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Institute of Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-05114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-05114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coevolution of hosts and their parasites has shaped heterogeneity of effector hemocyte types, providing immune defense reactions with variable effectiveness. In this work, we characterize hemocytes of Drosophila willistoni, a species that has evolved a cellular immune system with extensive variation and a high degree of plasticity. Monoclonal antibodies were raised and used in indirect immunofluorescence experiments to characterize hemocyte subpopulations, follow their functional features and differentiation. Pagocytosis and parasitization assays were used to determine the functional characteristics of hemocyte types. Samples were visualized using confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. We identified a new multinucleated giant hemocyte (MGH) type, which differentiates in the course of the cellular immune response to parasitoids. These cells differentiate in the circulation through nuclear division and cell fusion, and can also be derived from the central hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland. They have a binary function as they take up bacteria by phagocytosis and are involved in the encapsulation and elimination of the parasitoid. Here, we show that, in response to large foreign particles, such as parasitoids, MGHs differentiate, have a binary function and contribute to a highly effective cellular immune response, similar to the foreign body giant cells of vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1712229069000},"page":"593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cellular Immunity of Drosophila willistoni Reveals Novel Complexity in Insect Anti-Parasitoid Defense"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4315-5195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6ngyi","family":"Cinege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4450-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilla B.","family":"Magyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2067-0832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Lipinszki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MTA SZBK Lend\u00fclet Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6506-5855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Hultmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4648-9396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"And\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innate Immunity Group, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(03)00335-6","article-title":"Thicker than blood: Conserved mechanisms in Drosophila and vertebrate hematopoiesis","volume":"5","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. 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