{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:57:57Z","timestamp":1791910677226,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health\u2019s National Eye Institute T35","award":["NIH K08 EY034545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH K08 EY034545"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health\u2019s National Eye Institute T35","award":["NIH R01 EY034086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01 EY034086"]}]},{"name":"American Academy of Optometry Career Development","award":["NIH K08 EY034545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH K08 EY034545"]}]},{"name":"American Academy of Optometry Career Development","award":["NIH R01 EY034086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01 EY034086"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this article is to describe sustained myopic eye growth\u2019s effect on astrocyte cellular distribution and its association with inner retinal layer thicknesses. Astrocyte density and distribution, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses were assessed using immunochemistry and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography on seventeen common marmoset retinas (Callithrix jacchus): six induced with myopia from 2 to 6 months of age (6-month-old myopes), three induced with myopia from 2 to 12 months of age (12-month-old myopes), five age-matched 6-month-old controls, and three age-matched 12-month-old controls. Untreated marmoset eyes grew normally, and both RNFL and IPL thicknesses did not change with age, with astrocyte numbers correlating to RNFL and IPL thicknesses in both control age groups. Myopic marmosets did not follow this trend and, instead, exhibited decreased astrocyte density, increased GFAP+ spatial coverage, and thinner RNFL and IPL, all of which worsened over time. Myopic changes in astrocyte density, GFAP+ spatial coverage and inner retinal layer thicknesses suggest astrocyte template reorganization during myopia development and progression which increased over time. Whether or not these changes are constructive or destructive to the retina still remains to be assessed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1712229069000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sustained Retinal Defocus Increases the Effect of Induced Myopia on the Retinal Astrocyte Template"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1187-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol R.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abduqodir","family":"Toychiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reynolds K.","family":"Ablordeppey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miduturu","family":"Srinivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Benavente-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2005.00298.x","article-title":"Myopia and associated pathological complications","volume":"25","author":"Saw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. 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