{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:27:52Z","timestamp":1792009672416,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH132517-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH132517-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endothelial cell activation, injury, and dysfunction underlies the pathophysiology of vascular diseases and infections associated with vascular dysfunction, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Despite viral suppression with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are prone to many comorbidities, including neurological and neuropsychiatric complications, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, premature aging, and malignancies. HIV and viral proteins can directly contribute to the development of these comorbidities. However, with the continued high prevalence of these comorbidities despite viral suppression, it is likely that ART or some antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs contribute to the development and persistence of comorbid diseases in PLWH. These comorbid diseases often involve vascular activation, injury, and dysfunction. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the current literature on ARVs and the vascular endothelium in PLWH, animal models, and in vitro studies. I also summarize evidence of an association or lack thereof between ARV drugs or drug classes and the protection or injury\/dysfunction of the vascular endothelium and vascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13080672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T11:09:20Z","timestamp":1712920160000},"page":"672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["HIV Infection, Antiretroviral Drugs, and the Vascular Endothelium"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Georgette D.","family":"Kanmogne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309813","article-title":"Endothelial Functions","volume":"37","author":"Godo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1540\/jsmr.39.249","article-title":"The endothelium in health and disease--a target for therapeutic intervention","volume":"39","author":"Triggle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Smooth Muscle Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000088854.04562.DA","article-title":"Interactions between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators in regulating hemodynamics of distinct vascular beds","volume":"42","author":"Juncos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.005","article-title":"Immunosurveillance of the liver by intravascular effector CD8(+) T cells","volume":"161","author":"Guidotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.4MR0415-150R","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of effector CD8+ T cell responses within the liver","volume":"99","author":"Inverso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244880","article-title":"Endothelial cell-derived angiopoietin-2 controls liver regeneration as a spatiotemporal rheostat","volume":"343","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17040","article-title":"Angiocrine functions of organ-specific endothelial cells","volume":"529","author":"Rafii","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe6805","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe6805","article-title":"Temporal multi-omics identifies LRG1 as a vascular niche instructor of metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Singhal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H702","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00021.2022","article-title":"Mechanisms of pulmonary vascular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension and implications for novel therapies","volume":"322","author":"Christou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.4330\/wjc.v7.i11.719","article-title":"Vascular endothelial dysfunction and pharmacological treatment","volume":"7","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.05.198","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis and endothelin-1 secretion in primary human lung endothelial cells by HIV-1 gp120 proteins","volume":"333","author":"Kanmogne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/64.6.498","article-title":"HIV-1 gp120 proteins alter tight junction protein expression and brain endothelial cell permeability: Implications for the pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia","volume":"64","author":"Kanmogne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-11-20","article-title":"HIV-1 induces cytoskeletal alterations and Rac1 activation during monocyte-blood-brain barrier interactions: Modulatory role of CCR5","volume":"11","author":"Woollard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.54","article-title":"Differential effects of Tat proteins derived from HIV-1 subtypes B and recombinant CRF02_AG on human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Implications for blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"34","author":"Woollard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600567","article-title":"HIV-1 activates proinflammatory and interferon-inducible genes in human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Putative mechanisms of blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-05-091207","article-title":"STAT1 signaling modulates HIV-1-induced inflammatory responses and leukocyte transmigration across the blood-brain barrier","volume":"111","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0382-0","article-title":"Differential Mechanisms of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction by HIV-1 Subtype-B and Recombinant CRF02_AG Tat Proteins on Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Implications for Viral Neuropathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Bhargavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0255-3","article-title":"Neuropathogenesis of HIV: From initial neuroinvasion to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)","volume":"12","author":"Zayyad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldy019","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in people living with HIV in the ART era: A Review","volume":"127","author":"Alford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64012-3.00006-X","article-title":"Comorbid depression and apathy in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in the era of chronic HIV infection","volume":"165","author":"Cysique","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2019_123","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Impacts on the Pathophysiology and Phenotype of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders","volume":"50","author":"Moulignier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht528","article-title":"HIV infection and cardiovascular disease","volume":"35","author":"Hemkens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2017.06.005","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV","volume":"27","author":"Ballocca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2019.07.636","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events Recurrence and Coronary Artery Disease in HIV Patients: The Price We Have to Pay for the Chronicization of the Disease","volume":"36","author":"Bernelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01741-1","article-title":"HIV and Global Cardiovascular Health","volume":"24","author":"Wagle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000240","article-title":"Immune activation and immune aging in HIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Appay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.12.004","article-title":"HIV-associated cellular senescence: A contributor to accelerated aging","volume":"36","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schank, M., Zhao, J., Moorman, J.P., and Yao, Z.Q. (2021). The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010174"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000456036","article-title":"HIV-Associated Malignant Lymphoma","volume":"40","author":"Brunnberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00315","article-title":"Role of Natural Killer Cells in HIV-Associated Malignancies","volume":"8","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1758614","article-title":"Primary lung cancer diagnoses in people living with HIV in a large clinical centre in Montreal, Canada over 3 decades","volume":"32","author":"Bichara","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6825493","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6825493","article-title":"HIV as a Cause of Immune Activation and Immunosenescence","volume":"2017","author":"Sokoya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X16666181003144740","article-title":"HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders: A New Perspective on the Role of Lipid Rafts in Gp120-Mediated Neurotoxicity","volume":"16","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajasin, D., and Eugenin, E.A. (2020). HIV-1 Tat: Role in Bystander Toxicity. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00061"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002385","article-title":"Comorbidities of HIV infection: Role of Nef-induced impairment of cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft functionality","volume":"34","author":"Sviridov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.022","article-title":"Both long-term HIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy are independent risk factors for early carotid atherosclerosis","volume":"196","author":"Lorenz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070353","article-title":"HIV-positive patients treated with protease inhibitors have vascular changes resembling those observed in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"115","author":"Lekakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001469","article-title":"Coronary artery endothelial dysfunction is present in HIV-positive individuals without significant coronary artery disease","volume":"31","author":"Iantorno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002615","article-title":"Monocyte activation and gut barrier dysfunction in South African youth on antiretroviral therapy and their associations with endothelial dysfunction","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2014.0231","article-title":"Evaluation of endothelial function and arterial stiffness in HIV-infected patients: A pilot study","volume":"73","author":"Balsam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kardiol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v22i1.1190","article-title":"Immune activation and arterial stiffness in lean adults with HIV on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Kaluba","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz015","article-title":"HIV-Related Arterial Stiffness in Malawian Adults Is Associated With the Proportion of PD-1-Expressing CD8+ T Cells and Reverses With Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"219","author":"Kelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001254","article-title":"Relationship Between HIV Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy, Inflammatory Markers, and Cerebrovascular Endothelial Function Among Adults in Urban China","volume":"74","author":"Chow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathai, S., Lawn, S.D., Shiels, P.G., Weiss, H.A., Cook, C., Wood, R., and Gilbert, C.E. (2013). Corneal endothelial cells provide evidence of accelerated cellular senescence associated with HIV infection: A case-control study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057422"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328303be2a","article-title":"Increased soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 plasma levels and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during antiretroviral therapy interruption and retention of elevated soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 levels following resumption of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00742-7","article-title":"Plasma concentration of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and subsequent cardiovascular risk","volume":"36","author":"Hennekens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb51633.x","article-title":"Soluble forms of vascular adhesion molecules, E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1: Pathological significance","volume":"667","author":"Gearing","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613994","article-title":"Persistently elevated levels of von Willebrand factor antigen in HIV infection. Downregulation during highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"84","author":"Aukrust","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97795-2","article-title":"Evaluation of endothelial function and subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with HIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Parra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"49","article-title":"Relationship between markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected male patients below 55 years of age","volume":"23","author":"Pirs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-023-00519-x","article-title":"Serum E-selectin and endothelial cell-specific Molecule-1 levels among people living with HIV on long term ART in Uganda: A pilot cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Semulimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13230","article-title":"Plasma sVCAM-1, antiretroviral therapy and mortality in HIV-1-infected West African adults","volume":"23","author":"Affi","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e531","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000531","article-title":"HIV is associated with endothelial activation despite ART, in a sub-Saharan African setting","volume":"6","author":"Mwandumba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2021.0052","article-title":"Biomarkers of Endothelial Activation in Black South African HIV-Positive Subjects are Associated with Both High Viral Load and Low CD4 Counts","volume":"38","author":"Mezoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.1000267","article-title":"Microvascular Endothelial Dysfunction and Enhanced Thromboxane and Endothelial Contractility in Patients with HIV","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. AIDS Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001148","article-title":"Marker of Endothelial Dysfunction Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Is Elevated in HIV Infection but Not Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Haissman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.08.006","article-title":"Soluble markers of inflammation are associated with Framingham scores in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy","volume":"63","author":"Medrano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003162","article-title":"The Relationship Between Impaired Coronary Endothelial Function and Systemic Markers of Inflammation in People Living With HIV","volume":"93","author":"Bagchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0034","article-title":"Short communication: Initiation of an abacavir-containing regimen in HIV-infected adults is associated with a smaller decrease in inflammation and endothelial activation markers compared to non-abacavir-containing regimens","volume":"28","author":"Hileman","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2018-003","article-title":"HIV disease is associated with increased biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction despite viral suppression on long-term antiretroviral therapy in Botswana","volume":"29","author":"Mosepele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31826afbfc","article-title":"Association of HIV-Infection and antiretroviral therapy with levels of endothelial progenitor cells and subclinical atherosclerosis","volume":"61","author":"Estrada","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2006.0281","article-title":"Cross-sectional study of endothelial function in HIV-infected patients in Brazil","volume":"24","author":"Andrade","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1086\/503261","article-title":"Endothelial function in HIV-infected persons","volume":"42","author":"Solages","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e32833d82e6","article-title":"Reduction in coronary and peripheral vasomotor function in patients with HIV after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: A longitudinal study with positron emission tomography and flow-mediated dilation","volume":"31","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832e7140","article-title":"Association of abacavir and impaired endothelial function in treated and suppressed HIV-infected patients","volume":"23","author":"Hsue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)00857-2","article-title":"Late prognostic value of flow-mediated dilation in the brachial artery of patients with chest pain","volume":"86","author":"Neunteufl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.257","article-title":"Use of human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitors is associated with atherogenic lipoprotein changes and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"104","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13012","article-title":"Endothelial activation is associated with intestinal epithelial injury, systemic inflammation and treatment regimen in children living with vertically acquired HIV-1 infection","volume":"22","author":"Choudhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky178","article-title":"Evaluation of adhesion molecules and immune parameters in HIV-infected patients treated with an atazanavir\/ritonavir- compared with a lopinavir\/ritonavir-based regimen","volume":"73","author":"Squillace","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-007-9010-y","article-title":"Severe impairment of endothelial function with the HIV-1 protease inhibitor indinavir is not mediated by insulin resistance in healthy subjects","volume":"8","author":"Dube","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e291","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30043-2","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and use of contemporary protease inhibitors: The D:A:D international prospective multicohort study","volume":"5","author":"Ryom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.004","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in advanced naive HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy: Comparison of three different regimens-PREVALEAT II cohort","volume":"263","author":"Maggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S.K., Shen, C., Moe, S.M., Kamendulis, L.M., Goldman, M., and Dube, M.P. (2012). Worsening endothelial function with efavirenz compared to protease inhibitors: A 12-month prospective study. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045716"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.04.049","article-title":"Endothelial function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected antiretroviral-naive subjects before and after starting potent antiretroviral therapy: The ACTG (AIDS Clinical Trials Group) Study 5152s","volume":"52","author":"Torriani","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2012.01027.x","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation, and activated coagulation in HIV-infected patients improve after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"14","author":"Arildsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1086\/590154","article-title":"No impairment of endothelial function or insulin sensitivity with 4 weeks of the HIV protease inhibitors atazanavir or lopinavir-ritonavir in healthy subjects without HIV infection: A placebo-controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Dube","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.03.020","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir decreases endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and increases superoxide in porcine arteries","volume":"63","author":"Conklin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"152","article-title":"Effects of HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir on vasomotor function and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression","volume":"39","author":"Fu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000172368.05327.7b","article-title":"Effects of 5 HIV protease inhibitors on vasomotor function and superoxide anion production in porcine coronary arteries","volume":"40","author":"Chai","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200404300-00012","article-title":"Arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in HIV-infected children","volume":"18","author":"Bonnet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000228790.40235.0c","article-title":"Antiretrovirals induce direct endothelial dysfunction in vivo","volume":"42","author":"Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2363","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00151.2002","article-title":"Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors impair endothelium-dependent relaxation by increasing superoxide","volume":"283","author":"Sutliff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000232610.93867.2f","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy attenuates re-endothelialization and alters neointima formation in the rat carotid artery after balloon injury","volume":"43","author":"Kappert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.06.010","article-title":"HIV antiretroviral drug combination induces endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species production, but not apoptosis","volume":"224","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.213603","article-title":"Premature senescence of vascular cells is induced by HIV protease inhibitors: Implication of prelamin A and reversion by statin","volume":"30","author":"Lefevre","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arter. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.07.155","article-title":"HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir increases endothelial monolayer permeability","volume":"335","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Auclair, M., Guenantin, A.C., Fellahi, S., Garcia, M., and Capeau, J. (2020). HIV antiretroviral drugs, dolutegravir, maraviroc and ritonavir-boosted atazanavir use different pathways to affect inflammation, senescence and insulin sensitivity in human coronary endothelial cells. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226924"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080157","article-title":"Roles and mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir and other anti-human immunodeficiency virus drugs in endothelial dysfunction of porcine pulmonary arteries and human pulmonary artery endothelial cells","volume":"174","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2752","article-title":"Impact of darunavir, atazanavir and lopinavir boosted with ritonavir on cultured human endothelial cells: Beneficial effect of pravastatin","volume":"19","author":"Auclair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.003","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1-derived bilirubin counteracts HIV protease inhibitor-mediated endothelial cell dysfunction","volume":"94","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101118","article-title":"miR-34a is a common link in both HIV- and antiretroviral therapy-induced vascular aging","volume":"8","author":"Zhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-016-9397-4","article-title":"Effect of the Anti-retroviral Drugs Efavirenz, Tenofovir and Emtricitabine on Endothelial Cell Function: Role of PARP","volume":"17","author":"Faltz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigorian, A., Hurford, R., Chao, Y., Patrick, C., and Langford, T.D. (2008). Alterations in the Notch4 pathway in cerebral endothelial cells by the HIV aspartyl protease inhibitor, nelfinavir. BMC Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-9-27"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14657","article-title":"Vascular endothelial dysfunction in the wake of HIV and ART","volume":"286","author":"Marincowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BR235","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.881926","article-title":"Natural antioxidant dihydroxybenzyl alcohol blocks ritonavir-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine pulmonary arteries and human endothelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Weakley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.137646","article-title":"Effect of atazanavir versus other protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy on endothelial function in HIV-infected persons: Randomised controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Flammer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckman, J.A., Wood, B.R., Ard, K.L., Price, C.N., Solomon, D.A., Zuflacht, J.P., Milian, J., Prenner, J.C., and Sax, P.E. (2017). Conflicting effects of atazanavir therapy on atherosclerotic risk factors in stable HIV patients: A randomized trial of regimen switch to atazanavir. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181993"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.115.098590","article-title":"Dysregulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagic Responses by the Antiretroviral Drug Efavirenz","volume":"88","author":"Bertrand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:4:3:287","article-title":"HAART drugs induce oxidative stress in human endothelial cells and increase endothelial recruitment of mononuclear cells: Exacerbation by inflammatory cytokines and amelioration by antioxidants","volume":"4","author":"Mondal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:4:4:327","article-title":"HAART drugs induce mitochondrial damage and intercellular gaps and gp120 causes apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Fiala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-008-9029-8","article-title":"Long-term exposure to AZT, but not d4T, increases endothelial cell oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Kline","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.029","article-title":"Highly active antiretroviral therapy drug combination induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in immortalized human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells","volume":"50","author":"Manda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx074","article-title":"Variable endothelial cell function restoration after initiation of two antiretroviral regimens in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"72","author":"Echeverria","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-015-9314-2","article-title":"Efavirenz Causes Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Autophagy in Endothelial Cells","volume":"16","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60423-7","article-title":"Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: A multi-cohort collaboration","volume":"371","author":"Group","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2681","article-title":"Comparison of cardiovascular disease risk markers in HIV-infected patients receiving abacavir and tenofovir: The nucleoside inflammation, coagulation and endothelial function (NICE) study","volume":"19","author":"Wohl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31826e7d0f","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of raltegravir intensification on endothelial function in treated HIV infection","volume":"61","author":"Hatano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2357","article-title":"Differential effects of tenofovir\/emtricitabine and abacavir\/lamivudine on human leukocyte recruitment","volume":"17","author":"Orden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1891","article-title":"Abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir do not induce inflammatory, apoptotic or oxidative stress genes in coronary endothelial cells","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1385\/CT:4:2:117","article-title":"Effects of HIV drug combinations on endothelin-1 and vascular cell proliferation","volume":"4","author":"Hebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14036","article-title":"Nucleoside\/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors attenuate angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis by impairing receptor tyrosine kinases signalling in endothelial cells","volume":"175","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dysangco, A., Liu, Z., Stein, J.H., Dube, M.P., and Gupta, S.K. (2017). HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and measures of endothelial function, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183511"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lembas, A., Zawartko, K., Sapula, M., Mikula, T., Kozlowska, J., and Wiercinska-Drapalo, A. (2022). VCAM-1 as a Biomarker of Endothelial Function among HIV-Infected Patients Receiving and Not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030578"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182a97c39","article-title":"Effects of switching from efavirenz to raltegravir on endothelial function, bone mineral metabolism, inflammation, and renal function: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2018.07.008","article-title":"HIV antiretroviral therapy drugs induce premature senescence and altered physiology in HUVECs","volume":"175","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118580","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1118580","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs efavirenz, dolutegravir and bictegravir dysregulate blood-brain barrier integrity and function","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.05.010","article-title":"Efavirenz treatment causes arterial stiffening in apolipoprotein E-null mice","volume":"48","author":"Caulk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39738","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39738","article-title":"Antiretroviral Treatment with Efavirenz Disrupts the Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Increases Stroke Severity","volume":"6","author":"Bertrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.029","article-title":"Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz increases monolayer permeability of human coronary artery endothelial cells","volume":"208","author":"Jamaluddin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Aortic endothelium in HIV-1 infection: Chronic injury, activation, and increased leukocyte adherence","volume":"149","author":"Zietz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt468","article-title":"Efavirenz induces interactions between leucocytes and endothelium through the activation of Mac-1 and gp150,95","volume":"69","author":"Orden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0011","article-title":"Endothelial, inflammatory, coagulation, metabolic effects and safety of etravirine in HIV-uninfected volunteers","volume":"25","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/15284336.2018.1455366","article-title":"The effect of switching protease inhibitors to raltegravir on endothelial function, in HIV-infected patients","volume":"19","author":"Krikke","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3351","article-title":"Short-term neuropsychiatric tolerability of bictegravir combined with emtricitabine\/tenofovir alafenamide in clinical practice","volume":"25","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12468","article-title":"Higher rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events leading to dolutegravir discontinuation in women and older patients","volume":"18","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28853","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28853","article-title":"Maraviroc Reduces Arterial Stiffness in PI-Treated HIV-infected Patients","volume":"6","author":"Piconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvt333","article-title":"The CCR5 chemokine receptor mediates vasoconstriction and stimulates intimal hyperplasia in human vessels in vitro","volume":"101","author":"Maguire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz112","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz112","article-title":"Maraviroc Intensification Modulates Atherosclerotic Progression in HIV-Suppressed Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk. A Randomized, Crossover Pilot Study","volume":"6","author":"Francisci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F21","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000074","article-title":"Neuroprotective maraviroc monotherapy in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques: Reduced replicating and latent SIV in the brain","volume":"27","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.11.006","article-title":"CCR5 mediates HIV-1 Tat-induced neuroinflammation and influences morphine tolerance, dependence, and reward","volume":"69","author":"Gonek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00500-0","article-title":"CCR5 antagonist reduces HIV-induced amyloidogenesis, tau pathology, neurodegeneration, and blood-brain barrier alterations in HIV-infected hu-PBL-NSG mice","volume":"16","author":"Bhargavan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600330","article-title":"HIV-1 gp120 compromises blood-brain barrier integrity and enhances monocyte migration across blood-brain barrier: Implication for viral neuropathogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Kanmogne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22458","article-title":"Cross-talk between STAT1 and PI3K\/AKT signaling in HIV-1-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction: Role of CCR5 and implications for viral neuropathogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3160","article-title":"Impact of CCR5, integrase and protease inhibitors on human endothelial cell function, stress, inflammation and senescence","volume":"22","author":"Afonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2019.1644317","article-title":"Metabolic complications affecting adipose tissue, lipid and glucose metabolism associated with HIV antiretroviral treatment","volume":"18","author":"Lagathu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001676","article-title":"Limiting cardiovascular events associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy","volume":"31","author":"Brenner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz224","article-title":"Dual therapy combining raltegravir with etravirine maintains a high level of viral suppression over 96 weeks in long-term experienced HIV-infected individuals over 45 years on a PI-based regimen: Results from the Phase II ANRS 163 ETRAL study","volume":"74","author":"Katlama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy505","article-title":"Immediate Versus Deferred Switching From a Boosted Protease Inhibitor-based Regimen to a Dolutegravir-based Regimen in Virologically Suppressed Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk or Age >\/=50 Years: Final 96-Week Results of the NEAT022 Study","volume":"68","author":"Gatell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000445","article-title":"Risks of cardiovascular or central nervous system adverse events and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, for dolutegravir versus other antiretrovirals: Meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"13","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002357","article-title":"Brief Report: Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors Are Associated With Lower Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in People Living With HIV","volume":"84","author":"Sahrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1086\/338572","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy reduces markers of endothelial and coagulation activation in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"185","author":"Wolf","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2008.00661.x","article-title":"Reduction in circulating markers of endothelial dysfunction in HIV-infected patients during antiretroviral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12270","article-title":"The effect of initiation of antiretroviral therapy on monocyte, endothelial and platelet function in HIV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"Dunne","year":"2015","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328325a87c","article-title":"HIV type 1 infection, and not short-term HAART, induces endothelial dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Francisci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318189a794","article-title":"Endothelial activation markers are linked to HIV status and are independent of antiretroviral therapy and lipoatrophy","volume":"49","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graham, S.M., Rajwans, N., Tapia, K.A., Jaoko, W., Estambale, B.B., McClelland, R.S., Overbaugh, J., and Liles, W.C. (2013). A prospective study of endothelial activation biomarkers, including plasma angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2, in Kenyan women initiating antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-263"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1086\/597475","article-title":"Increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness but improvement in several markers of endothelial function after initiation of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"199","author":"Hassink","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, R., Crowe, E.P., Bitto, A., Moh, M., Katsetos, C.D., Garcia, F.U., Johnson, F.B., Trojanowski, J.Q., Sell, C., and Torres, C. (2012). Astrocyte senescence as a component of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045069"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.092","article-title":"Cellular Senescence Is Induced by the Environmental Neurotoxin Paraquat and Contributes to Neuropathology Linked to Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Chinta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2016.37","article-title":"p53 isoforms regulate astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection and neurodegeneration","volume":"23","author":"Turnquist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13647","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13647","article-title":"Effects of HIV-1 gp120 and tat on endothelial cell sensescence and senescence-associated microRNAs","volume":"6","author":"Hijmans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39501","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39501","article-title":"Premature senescence of endothelial cells upon chronic exposure to TNFalpha can be prevented by N-acetyl cysteine and plumericin","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, M., Lemtalsi, T., Toque, H.A., Xu, Z., Fulton, D., Caldwell, R.W., and Caldwell, R.B. (2017). NOX2-Induced Activation of Arginase and Diabetes-Induced Retinal Endothelial Cell Senescence. Antioxidants, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6020043"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"111","article-title":"Adaptive responses to tissue injury: Role of heme oxygenase-1","volume":"124","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Clim. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00491-x","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by the antioxidant haem oxygenase 1","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/8\/672\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1760106436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/8\/672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13080672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13080672","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]}}}