{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:49Z","timestamp":1787027869277,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["31872978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872978"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["CRP D31030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP D31030"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["2023BBB058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BBB058"]}]},{"name":"IAEA CRP project","award":["31872978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872978"]}]},{"name":"IAEA CRP project","award":["CRP D31030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP D31030"]}]},{"name":"IAEA CRP project","award":["2023BBB058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BBB058"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Research and Development Program Project","award":["31872978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872978"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Research and Development Program Project","award":["CRP D31030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP D31030"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Key Research and Development Program Project","award":["2023BBB058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BBB058"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Haemonchus contortus is a parasite widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions, causing significant economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. However, little is known about the genetics of H. contortus resistance in livestock. In this study, we monitor the dynamic immune cell responses in diverse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during H. contortus infection in goats through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) analysis. Methods and Results: A total of four Boer goats, two goats with oral infection with the L3 larvae of H. contortus and two healthy goats as controls, were used in the animal test. The infection model in goats was established and validated by the fecal egg count (FEC) test and qPCR analysis of the gene expression of IL-5 and IL-6. Using scRNA-Seq, we identified seven cell types, including T cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, B cells, and dendritic cells with distinct gene expression signatures. After identifying cell subpopulations of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the case and control groups, we observed the upregulation of multiple inflammation-associated genes, including NFKBIA and NFKBID. Kyoto Encyclopedia of the Genome (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of NOD-like receptor pathways and Th1\/Th2 cell differentiation signaling pathways in CD4 T cells DEGs. Furthermore, the analysis of ligand\u2013receptor interaction networks showed a more active state of cellular communication in the PBMCs from the case group, and the inflammatory response associated MIF\u2013(CD74 + CXCR4) ligand receptor complex was significantly more activated in the case group, suggesting a potential inflammatory response. Conclusions: Our study preliminarily revealed transcriptomic profiling characterizing the cell type specific mechanisms in host PBMCs at the single-cell level during H. contortus infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13100842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T03:24:48Z","timestamp":1715829888000},"page":"842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Single-Cell Transcriptomic Profiling Unveils Dynamic Immune Cell Responses during Haemonchus contortus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Farming Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Farming Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Farming Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuofan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Farming Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangliang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Smart Animal Farming Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flay, K.J., Hill, F.I., and Muguiro, D.H. 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