{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:53:55Z","timestamp":1791161635920,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":275,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart failure is the common concluding pathway for a majority of cardiovascular diseases and is associated with cardiac dysfunction. Since heart failure is invariably preceded by adaptive or maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, several biochemical mechanisms have been proposed to explain the development of cardiac hypertrophy and progression to heart failure. One of these includes the activation of different neuroendocrine systems for elevating the circulating levels of different vasoactive hormones such as catecholamines, angiotensin II, vasopressin, serotonin and endothelins. All these hormones are released in the circulation and stimulate different signal transduction systems by acting on their respective receptors on the cell membrane to promote protein synthesis in cardiomyocytes and induce cardiac hypertrophy. The elevated levels of these vasoactive hormones induce hemodynamic overload, increase ventricular wall tension, increase protein synthesis and the occurrence of cardiac remodeling. In addition, there occurs an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and collagen synthesis for the induction of myocardial fibrosis and the transition of adaptive to maladaptive hypertrophy. The prolonged exposure of the hypertrophied heart to these vasoactive hormones has been reported to result in the oxidation of catecholamines and serotonin via monoamine oxidase as well as the activation of NADPH oxidase via angiotensin II and endothelins to promote oxidative stress. The development of oxidative stress produces subcellular defects, Ca2+-handling abnormalities, mitochondrial Ca2+-overload and cardiac dysfunction by activating different proteases and depressing cardiac gene expression, in addition to destabilizing the extracellular matrix upon activating some metalloproteinases. These observations support the view that elevated levels of various vasoactive hormones, by producing hemodynamic overload and activating their respective receptor-mediated signal transduction mechanisms, induce cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, the occurrence of oxidative stress due to the prolonged exposure of the hypertrophied heart to these hormones plays a critical role in the progression of heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13100856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T06:53:49Z","timestamp":1715928829000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Role of Vasoactive Hormone-Induced Signal Transduction in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Naranjan S.","family":"Dhalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina O.","family":"Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Crist\u00f3vao 49100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayan","family":"Elimban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1765-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anureet K.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032-8162, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla M. L.","family":"de Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Crist\u00f3vao 49100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukhwinder K.","family":"Bhullar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142012 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"125","author":"Roger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1161\/HHF.0b013e318291329a","article-title":"Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: A policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"6","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. 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