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(KHIDI)","award":["RS-2022-00166898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00166898"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00fdzyk40","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["DBSD1-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBSD1-06"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["NRF-2022R1I1A307278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1I1A307278"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["HI21C0977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C0977"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["RS-2021-KH118978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-KH118978"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["RS-2024-00433896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00433896"]}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["RS-2022-00166898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-00166898"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy on the brain employs red to near-infrared (NIR) light to treat various neurological and psychological disorders. The mechanism involves the activation of cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thereby enhancing ATP synthesis. Additionally, light absorption by ion channels triggers the release of calcium ions, instigating the activation of transcription factors and subsequent gene expression. This cascade of events not only augments neuronal metabolic capacity but also orchestrates anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic responses, fostering neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. It shows promise for treating conditions like dementia, stroke, brain trauma, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and depression, even enhancing cognitive functions in healthy individuals and eliciting growing interest within the medical community. However, delivering sufficient light to the brain through transcranial approaches poses a significant challenge due to its limited penetration into tissue, prompting an exploration of alternative delivery methods such as intracranial and intranasal approaches. This comprehensive review aims to explore the mechanisms through which PBM exerts its effects on the brain and provide a summary of notable preclinical investigations and clinical trials conducted on various brain disorders, highlighting PBM\u2019s potential as a therapeutic modality capable of effectively impeding disease progression within the organism\u2014a task often elusive with conventional pharmacological interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13110966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T12:29:47Z","timestamp":1717417787000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Photobiomodulation Therapy on Brain: Pioneering an Innovative Approach to Revolutionize Cognitive Dynamics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1624-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahsin","family":"Nairuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Sangwoo-Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6819-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Ha","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2016.09.002","article-title":"Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders","volume":"6","author":"Hamblin","year":"2016","journal-title":"BBA Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196508262730906","article-title":"Tumoricidal Effect of Laser Energy on Experimental and Human Malignant Tumors","volume":"273","author":"McGuff","year":"1965","journal-title":"N. 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