{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:44:56Z","timestamp":1789141496769,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01 EY013322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY013322"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["P30 EY030413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY030413"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["Challenge Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Challenge Grant"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY013322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY013322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY030413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY030413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Challenge Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Challenge Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vimentin has been reported to play diverse roles in cell processes such as spreading, migration, cell\u2013matrix adhesion, and fibrotic transformation. Here, we assess how vimentin impacts cell spreading, morphology, and myofibroblast transformation of human corneal fibroblasts. Overall, although knockout (KO) of vimentin did not dramatically impact corneal fibroblast spreading and mechanical activity (traction force), cell elongation in response to PDGF was reduced in vimentin KO cells as compared to controls. Blocking vimentin polymerization using Withaferin had even more pronounced effects on cell spreading and also inhibited cell-induced matrix contraction. Furthermore, although absence of vimentin did not completely block TGF\u03b2-induced myofibroblast transformation, the degree of transformation and amount of \u03b1SMA protein expression was reduced. Proteomics showed that vimentin KO cells cultured in TGF\u03b2 had a similar pattern of protein expression as controls. One exception included periostin, an ECM protein associated with wound healing and fibrosis in other cell types, which was highly expressed only in Vim KO cells. We also demonstrate for the first time that LRRC15, a protein previously associated with myofibroblast transformation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, is also expressed by corneal myofibroblasts. Interestingly, proteins associated with LRRC15 in other cell types, such as collagen, fibronectin, \u03b21 integrin and \u03b111 integrin, were also upregulated. Overall, our data show that vimentin impacts both corneal fibroblast spreading and myofibroblast transformation. We also identified novel proteins that may regulate corneal myofibroblast transformation in the presence and\/or absence of vimentin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13131094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T10:10:07Z","timestamp":1719310207000},"page":"1094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Role of Vimentin in Human Corneal Fibroblast Spreading and Myofibroblast Transformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Miron-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4104-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara","family":"Poole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"DiCesare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emi","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meet Paresh","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Hulleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0795-4539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter Matthew","family":"Petroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hohmann, T., and Dehghani, F. (2019). The Cytoskeleton-A Complex Interacting Meshwork. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8040362"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2008.04.038","article-title":"Tensegrity and mechanotransduction","volume":"12","author":"Ingber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2014.06.005","article-title":"Directed migration of mesenchymal cells: Where signaling and the cytoskeleton meet","volume":"30","author":"Bear","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McIntosh, J.R. (2016). Mitosis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a023218"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.06.004","article-title":"Cytoskeletal Crosstalk in Cell Migration","volume":"30","author":"Seetharaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.095653","article-title":"Adhesion dynamics at a glance","volume":"124","author":"Horwitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.05.007","article-title":"A guide to mechanobiology: Where biology and physics meet","volume":"1853","author":"Jansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100617-062534","article-title":"Cytoplasmic Intermediate Filaments in Cell Biology","volume":"34","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2015.09.036","article-title":"Methods for Determining the Cellular Functions of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments","volume":"568","author":"Ridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.024","article-title":"Fibroblasts: Origins, definitions, and functions in health and disease","volume":"184","author":"Plikus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(81)90514-6","article-title":"Disruption of the in vivo distribution of the intermediate filaments in fibroblasts through the microinjection of a specific monoclonal antibody","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.111.13.1897","article-title":"Impaired mechanical stability, migration and contractile capacity in vimentin-deficient fibroblasts","volume":"111","author":"Eckes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, I., Ostrowska-Podhorodecka, Z., Lee, W., Liu, R.S.C., Carneiro, K., Janmey, P.A., and McCulloch, C.A. (2020). Cooperative roles of PAK1 and filamin A in regulation of vimentin assembly and cell extension formation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res., 1867.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2020.118739"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1089\/cell.2022.0025","article-title":"Signaling Pathways and Protein-Protein Interaction of Vimentin in Invasive and Migration Cells: A Review","volume":"24","author":"Karoii","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Reprogram"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12920","article-title":"Vimentin regulates the assembly and function of matrix adhesions","volume":"29","author":"McCulloch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00054016","article-title":"Role of intermediate filaments in migration, invasion and metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Hendrix","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"327","article-title":"Overexpression of vimentin contributes to prostate cancer invasion and metastasis via src regulation","volume":"28","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e12-12-0900","article-title":"A central role for vimentin in regulating repair function during healing of the lens epithelium","volume":"25","author":"Menko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-170795","article-title":"Vimentin is sufficient and required for wound repair and remodeling in alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Rogel","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargagna-Mohan, P., Lei, L., Thompson, A., Shaw, C., Kasahara, K., Inagaki, M., and Mohan, R. (2015). Vimentin Phosphorylation Underlies Myofibroblast Sensitivity to Withaferin A In Vitro and during Corneal Fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133399"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.297150","article-title":"Corneal antifibrotic switch identified in genetic and pharmacological deficiency of vimentin","volume":"287","author":"Paranthan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sliogeryte, K., and Gavara, N. (2019). Vimentin Plays a Crucial Role in Fibroblast Ageing by Regulating Biophysical Properties and Cell Migration. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8101164"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2014.04.050","article-title":"Vimentin enhances cell elastic behavior and protects against compressive stress","volume":"107","author":"Mendez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30372-2","article-title":"Assessment of Corneal Stromal Remodeling and Regeneration after Photorefractive Keratectomy","volume":"8","author":"Kivanany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.09.021","article-title":"Stromal haze, myofibroblasts, and surface irregularity after PRK","volume":"82","author":"Netto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.10.009","article-title":"Temporal and spatial analysis of stromal cell and extracellular matrix patterning following lamellar keratectomy","volume":"153","author":"Kivanany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13494","article-title":"Vimentin knockdown decreases corneal opacity","volume":"55","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0973","article-title":"Myofibroblast differentiation of normal human keratocytes and hTERT, extended-life human corneal fibroblasts","volume":"44","author":"Jester","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.03.015","article-title":"Individual versus collective fibroblast spreading and migration: Regulation by matrix composition in 3D culture","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grin, B., Mahammad, S., Wedig, T., Cleland, M.M., Tsai, L., Herrmann, H., and Goldman, R.D. (2012). Withaferin a alters intermediate filament organization, cell shape and behavior. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039065"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2015.09.025","article-title":"The Use of Withaferin A to Study Intermediate Filaments","volume":"568","author":"Mohan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Enzym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1382-5_3","article-title":"Myofibroblast Markers and Microscopy Detection Methods in Cell Culture and Histology","volume":"2299","author":"Younesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.K., Sheppard, D., and Chapman, H.A. (2018). TGF-beta1 Signaling and Tissue Fibrosis. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022293"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M300108-MCP200","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta 1 specifically induce proteins involved in the myofibroblast contractile apparatus","volume":"3","author":"Malmstrom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzavlaki, K., and Moustakas, A. (2020). TGF-beta Signaling. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10030487"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21230","article-title":"Stable incorporation of alpha-smooth muscle actin into stress fibers is dependent on specific tropomyosin isoforms","volume":"72","author":"Prunotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0504OC","article-title":"Connective-Tissue Growth Factor Contributes to TGF-beta1-induced Lung Fibrosis","volume":"66","author":"Yanagihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16264-y","article-title":"Cellular census of human fibrosis defines functionally distinct stromal cell types and states","volume":"11","author":"Layton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.1.9034166","article-title":"Growth factors in the extracellular matrix","volume":"11","author":"Taipale","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201407-320MG","article-title":"Matrix, mesenchyme, and mechanotransduction","volume":"12","author":"Tschumperlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10434","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.078766","article-title":"The fibroblast integrin alpha11beta1 is induced in a mechanosensitive manner involving activin A and regulates myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"285","author":"Carracedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McElhinney, K., Irnaten, M., and O\u2019Brien, C. (2023). p53 and Myofibroblast Apoptosis in Organ Fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076737"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42344","article-title":"Critical Role of LMCD1 in Promoting Profibrotic Characteristics of Lung Myofibroblasts in Experimental and Scleroderma-Associated Lung Fibrosis","volume":"75","author":"Bogatkevich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman, J. (2023). Fibroblasts-Warriors at the Intersection of Wound Healing and Disrepair. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060945"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80545-0","article-title":"The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: A mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"96","author":"Munger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05272-1","article-title":"LRRC15(+) myofibroblasts dictate the stromal setpoint to suppress tumour immunity","volume":"611","author":"Krishnamurty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3734","article-title":"Exploiting LRRC15 as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Cancer","volume":"82","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxad090","article-title":"Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing 15-Mediated Cell Adhesion Is Essential for Integrin Signaling in TGF-beta1-Induced PDL Fibroblastic Differentiation","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-022-00673-3","article-title":"Integrin alpha11beta1 in tumor fibrosis: More than just another cancer-associated fibroblast biomarker?","volume":"16","author":"Zeltz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-0622","article-title":"Targeting LRRC15 Inhibits Metastatic Dissemination of Ovarian Cancer","volume":"82","author":"Ray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2020.07.002","article-title":"Periostin and matrix stiffness combine to regulate myofibroblast differentiation and fibronectin synthesis during palatal healing","volume":"94","author":"Nikoloudaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.02.022","article-title":"Dynamics of the expression of intermediate filaments vimentin and desmin during myofibroblast differentiation after corneal injury","volume":"89","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2016.08.007","article-title":"Vimentin Intermediate Filaments Template Microtubule Networks to Enhance Persistence in Cell Polarity and Directed Migration","volume":"3","author":"Gan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1614610114","article-title":"Vimentin fibers orient traction stress","volume":"114","author":"Costigliola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e13-06-0326","article-title":"Substrate stiffness regulates solubility of cellular vimentin","volume":"25","author":"Murray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1903180","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903180","article-title":"Loss of Vimentin Enhances Cell Motility through Small Confining Spaces","volume":"15","author":"Patteson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8748com","article-title":"Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer\/CD147 promotes myofibroblast differentiation by inducing alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and collagen gel contraction: Implications in tissue remodeling","volume":"22","author":"Huet","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2017.06.001","article-title":"Fibroblast-fibronectin patterning and network formation in 3D fibrin matrices","volume":"64","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21629","article-title":"Localized application of mechanical and biochemical stimuli in 3-D culture","volume":"237","author":"Petroll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21487","article-title":"Dynamic assessment of fibroblast mechanical activity during Rac-induced cell spreading in 3-D culture","volume":"217","author":"Petroll","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-0513","article-title":"Modulation of corneal fibroblast contractility within fibrillar collagen matrices","volume":"44","author":"Vishwanath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Loosdregt, I., Weissenberger, G., van Maris, M., Oomens, C.W.J., Loerakker, S., Stassen, O., and Bouten, C.V.C. (2018). The Mechanical Contribution of Vimentin to Cellular Stress Generation. J. Biomech. Eng., 140.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039308"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miron-Mendoza, M., Vazquez, D., Garcia-Ramila, N., Ikebe, H.R., and Petroll, W.M. (2020). Coupling of Fibrin Reorganization and Fibronectin Patterning by Corneal Fibroblasts in Response to PDGF BB and TGFbeta1. Bioengineering, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202007.0075.v1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndiaye, A.B., Koenderink, G.H., and Shemesh, M. (2022). Intermediate Filaments in Cellular Mechanoresponsiveness: Mediating Cytoskeletal Crosstalk From Membrane to Nucleus and Back. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.882037"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.043042","article-title":"Recruitment of vimentin to the cell surface by beta3 integrin and plectin mediates adhesion strength","volume":"122","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.13.2455","article-title":"Impaired wound healing in embryonic and adult mice lacking vimentin","volume":"113","author":"Eckes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"3320","article-title":"Expression of collagen I, smooth muscle alpha-actin, and vimentin during the healing of alkali-burned and lacerated corneas","volume":"34","author":"Ishizaki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"761","article-title":"The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily","volume":"20","author":"Hwa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62263-8","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 3 and 5 are overexpressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and contribute to extracellular matrix deposition","volume":"166","author":"Pilewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-020-03728-4","article-title":"Differential production of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in liver fibrosis progression","volume":"469","author":"Torre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0097","article-title":"Involvement of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in corneal fibroblasts during corneal wound healing","volume":"47","author":"Izumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2259","article-title":"Stromal insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) is elevated in the diseased human prostate and promotes ex vivo fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"154","author":"Sampson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs259","article-title":"alpha11 integrin stimulates myofibroblast differentiation in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"96","author":"Connelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, M., Zou, J., Hu, X., Zheng, W., Zhang, M., and Cheng, Z. (2021). Latent Transforming Growth Factor-beta Binding Protein-2 Regulates Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Differentiation in Pulmonary Fibrosis via NF-kappaB Signaling. Front. Pharm., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.788714"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3711","article-title":"Unravelling mechanisms of p53-mediated tumour suppression","volume":"14","author":"Bieging","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07582-3","article-title":"Spatially and functionally distinct subclasses of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts revealed by single cell RNA sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Bartoschek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0644","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Stromal Evolution into LRRC15(+) Myofibroblasts as a Determinant of Patient Response to Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Dominguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Poole, K., Iyer, K.S., Schmidtke, D.W., Petroll, W.M., and Varner, V.D. (2024). Investigating transcriptional differences in mechanotransductive and ECM related genes in cultured primary corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, R., Tian, M., He, P., Chen, J., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, B. (2022). Suppression of LMCD1 ameliorates renal fibrosis by blocking the activation of ERK pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res., 1869.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2021.119200"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02714-8","article-title":"Periostin: Biology and function in cancer","volume":"22","author":"Dorafshan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-011-1151-5","article-title":"Periostin expression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer: A review and an update","volume":"459","author":"Morra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.7.1239","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel protein, periostin, with restricted expression to periosteum and periodontal ligament and increased expression by transforming growth factor beta","volume":"14","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.107.149047","article-title":"Genetic manipulation of periostin expression reveals a role in cardiac hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling","volume":"101","author":"Oka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.046","article-title":"Periostin: A novel component of subepithelial fibrosis of bronchial asthma downstream of IL-4 and IL-13 signals","volume":"118","author":"Takayama","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc822","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression","volume":"2","author":"Thiery","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0237-9","article-title":"Guidelines and definitions for research on epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.024","article-title":"EMT: Matter of Life or Death?","volume":"164","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/13\/1094\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:03:49Z","timestamp":1760108629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/13\/1094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13131094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13131094","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}