{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:13:40Z","timestamp":1791915220268,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","award":["SFB TRR219-M07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB TRR219-M07"]}]},{"name":"the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","award":["322900939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322900939"]}]},{"name":"the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","award":["S199\/10084\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S199\/10084\/2021"]}]},{"name":"the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["SFB TRR219-M07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB TRR219-M07"]}]},{"name":"the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["322900939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322900939"]}]},{"name":"the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research within the faculty of Medicine at the RWTH Aachen University","award":["S199\/10084\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S199\/10084\/2021"]}]},{"name":"the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["SFB TRR219-M07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB TRR219-M07"]}]},{"name":"the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["322900939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322900939"]}]},{"name":"the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","award":["S199\/10084\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S199\/10084\/2021"]}]},{"name":"the Corona Foundation","award":["SFB TRR219-M07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB TRR219-M07"]}]},{"name":"the Corona Foundation","award":["322900939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["322900939"]}]},{"name":"the Corona Foundation","award":["S199\/10084\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S199\/10084\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a group of small, dense, and protein-rich lipoproteins that play a role in cholesterol metabolism and various cellular processes. Decreased levels of HDL and HDL dysfunction are commonly observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is also associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Due to hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation that develop in T2DM, HDL undergoes several post-translational modifications such as glycation, oxidation, and carbamylation, as well as other alterations in its lipid and protein composition. It is increasingly recognized that the generation of HDL modifications in T2DM seems to be the main cause of HDL dysfunction and may in turn influence the development and progression of T2DM and its related cardiovascular complications. This review provides a general introduction to HDL structure and function and summarizes the main modifications of HDL that occur in T2DM. Furthermore, the potential impact of HDL modifications on the pathogenesis of T2DM and CVD, based on the altered interactions between modified HDL and various cell types that are involved in glucose homeostasis and atherosclerotic plaque generation, will be discussed. In addition, some perspectives for future research regarding the T2DM-related HDL modifications are addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13131113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T11:19:02Z","timestamp":1719487142000},"page":"1113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["High-Density Lipoprotein Modifications: Causes and Functional Consequences in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaodi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5771-6278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiel P. C.","family":"van der Vorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Aachen-Maastricht Institute for CardioRenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01655-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes","volume":"400","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00002934","article-title":"Mortality and causes of death in the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Morrish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.071","article-title":"The Changing Landscape of Diabetes Therapy for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"72","author":"Newman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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