{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:45:37Z","timestamp":1790876737147,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric high-grade gliomas are a devastating subset of brain tumors, characterized by their aggressive pathophysiology and limited treatment options. Among them, H3 K27-altered diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) of the brainstem stand out due to their distinct molecular features and dismal prognosis. Recent advances in molecular profiling techniques have unveiled the critical role of H3 K27 alterations, particularly a lysine-to-methionine mutation on position 27 (K27M) of the histone H3 tail, in the pathogenesis of DMG. These mutations result in epigenetic dysregulation, which leads to altered chromatin structure and gene expression patterns in DMG tumor cells, ultimately contributing to the aggressive phenotype of DMG. The exploration of targeted therapeutic avenues for DMG has gained momentum in recent years. Therapies, including epigenetic modifiers, kinase inhibitors, and immunotherapies, are under active investigation; these approaches aim to disrupt aberrant signaling cascades and overcome the various mechanisms of therapeutic resistance in DMG. Challenges, including blood\u2013brain barrier penetration and DMG tumor heterogeneity, require innovative approaches to improve drug delivery and personalized treatment strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving understanding of DMG, focusing on the intricate molecular mechanisms driving tumorigenesis\/tumor progression and the current landscape of emerging targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13131122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T03:38:27Z","timestamp":1719805107000},"page":"1122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["H3K27-Altered Diffuse Midline Glioma of the Brainstem: From Molecular Mechanisms to Targeted Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Leo F.","family":"Nonnenbroich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Hopp Children\u2019s Cancer Center, Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Bouchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Millesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Research Laboratory of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0855-3297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian S.","family":"Rechberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumen","family":"Khatua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology, Section of Neuro-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0702-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noac161","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Childhood and Adolescent Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014\u20132018","volume":"24","author":"Ostrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab200","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Other Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2014\u20132018","volume":"23","author":"Ostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0207","article-title":"Childhood Brain Tumor Epidemiology: A Brain Tumor Epidemiology Consortium Review","volume":"23","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. 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