{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:30:19Z","timestamp":1790188219085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R21NS130241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS130241"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["55051, 74247, 74244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55051, 74247, 74244"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["HT94252310700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT94252310700"]}]},{"name":"IND DEPT HLTH","award":["R21NS130241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS130241"]}]},{"name":"IND DEPT HLTH","award":["55051, 74247, 74244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55051, 74247, 74244"]}]},{"name":"IND DEPT HLTH","award":["HT94252310700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT94252310700"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"US ARMY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21NS130241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21NS130241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"US ARMY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["55051, 74247, 74244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55051, 74247, 74244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"US ARMY","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT94252310700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT94252310700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unsuccessful axonal regeneration in transected spinal cord injury (SCI) is mainly attributed to shortage of growth factors, inhibitory glial scar, and low intrinsic regenerating capacity of severely injured neurons. Previously, we constructed an axonal growth permissive pathway in a thoracic hemisected injury by transplantation of Schwann cells overexpressing glial-cell-derived neurotrophic factor (SCs-GDNF) into the lesion gap as well as the caudal cord and proved that this novel permissive bridge promoted the regeneration of descending propriospinal tract (dPST) axons across and beyond the lesion. In the current study, we subjected rats to complete thoracic (T11) spinal cord transections and examined whether these combinatorial treatments can support dPST axons\u2019 regeneration beyond the transected injury. The results indicated that GDNF significantly improved graft\u2013host interface by promoting integration between SCs and astrocytes, especially the migration of reactive astrocyte into SCs-GDNF territory. The glial response in the caudal graft area has been significantly attenuated. The astrocytes inside the grafted area were morphologically characterized by elongated and slim process and bipolar orientation accompanied by dramatically reduced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Tremendous dPST axons have been found to regenerate across the lesion and back to the caudal spinal cord which were otherwise difficult to see in control groups. The caudal synaptic connections were formed, and regenerated axons were remyelinated. The hindlimb locomotor function has been improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13131160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:52:49Z","timestamp":1720414369000},"page":"1160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Regeneration of Propriospinal Axons in Rat Transected Spinal Cord Injury through a Growth-Promoting Pathway Constructed by Schwann Cells Overexpressing GDNF"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210005, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9208-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7758-0953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aytak","family":"Khabbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen Lynn","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samhita","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amol P.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naikui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-8325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingxiao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"},{"name":"Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Goodman and Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0467-6","article-title":"Required growth facilitators propel axon regeneration across complete spinal cord injury","volume":"561","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1193","article-title":"PKC mediates inhibitory effects of myelin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on axonal regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Sivasankaran","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8376","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1939-08.2008","article-title":"Repulsive Wnt signaling inhibits axon regeneration after CNS injury","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.10.029","article-title":"Central nervous system regeneration","volume":"185","author":"Varadarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.373663","article-title":"Axon guidance in regeneration of the mature central","volume":"18","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1956","article-title":"Glial inhibition of CNS axon regeneration","volume":"7","author":"Yiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1326","article-title":"Regeneration beyond the glial scar","volume":"5","author":"Silver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkab035","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkab035","article-title":"Deciphering glial scar after spinal cord injury","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifford, T., Finkel, Z., Rodriguez, B., Joseph, A., and Cai, L. (2023). Current Advancements in Spinal Cord Injury Research-Glial Scar Formation and Neural Regeneration. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12060853"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2008.11760720","article-title":"Novel combination strategies to repair the injured mammalian spinal cord","volume":"31","author":"Bunge","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.08.092","article-title":"Combinatorial strategies with Schwann cell transplantation to improve repair of the injured spinal cord","volume":"456","author":"Fortun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.06.024","article-title":"Combinatory treatments needed for spinal cord injury","volume":"248","author":"Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1093\/procel\/pwad003","article-title":"Recent progress and challenges in the treatment of spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00562-y","article-title":"Regulation of axonal regeneration after mammalian spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11505","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201911505","article-title":"Therapeutic repair for spinal cord injury: Combinatory approaches to address a multifaceted problem","volume":"12","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1056","article-title":"cAMP and Schwann cells promote axonal growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Pearse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2973-12.2013","article-title":"A novel growth-promoting pathway formed by GDNF-overexpressing Schwann cells promotes propriospinal axonal regeneration, synapse formation, and partial recovery of function after spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8208","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0308-12.2012","article-title":"Motor axonal regeneration after partial and complete spinal cord transection","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2661-13.2014","article-title":"Combination of engineered Schwann cell grafts to secrete neurotrophin and chondroitinase promotes axonal regeneration and locomotion after spinal cord injury","volume":"34","author":"Kanno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10591","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1116-12.2013","article-title":"Nerve regeneration restores supraspinal control of bladder function after complete spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3562-04.2005","article-title":"Combining Schwann cell bridges and olfactory-ensheathing glia grafts with chondroitinase promotes locomotor recovery after complete transection of the spinal cord","volume":"25","author":"Fouad","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1995.1056","article-title":"A combination of BDNF and NT-3 promotes supraspinal axonal regeneration into Schwann cell grafts in adult rat thoracic spinal cord","volume":"134","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0196fje","article-title":"Chondroitinase ABC enhances axonal regrowth through Schwann cell-seeded guidance channels after spinal cord injury","volume":"18","author":"Chau","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.270298","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the regenerative abilities of central nervous system axons within species: Why do some neurons regenerate better than others?","volume":"15","author":"Rodemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooke, P., Janowitz, H., and Dougherty, S.E. (2022). Neuronal Redevelopment and the Regeneration of Neuromodulatory Axons in the Adult Mammalian Central Nervous System. Front. Cell Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.872501"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter, C.C., He, Z., and Jacobi, A. (2022). Axon Regeneration: A Subcellular Extension in Multiple Dimensions. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a040923"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, G., Ribeiro, F.F., Sebastiao, A.M., Muir, E.M., and Vaz, S.H. (2022). Bridging the gap of axonal regeneration in the central nervous system: A state of the art review on central axonal regeneration. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1003145"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903510113","article-title":"Axonal regeneration into Schwann cell-seeded guidance channels grafted into transected adult rat spinal cord","volume":"351","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00591.x","article-title":"Regrowth of axons into the distal spinal cord through a Schwann-cell-seeded mini-channel implanted into hemisected adult rat spinal cord","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018557923309","article-title":"Bridging Schwann cell transplants promote axonal regeneration from both the rostral and caudal stumps of transected adult rat spinal cord","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3727\/096368913X674657","article-title":"Permissive schwann cell graft\/spinal cord interfaces for axon regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monje, P.V., Deng, L., and Xu, X.M. (2021). Human Schwann Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury: Prospects and Challenges in Translational Medicine. Front. Cell Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.690894"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, H., Hu, D., Chen, J., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Qi, C., and Yu, T. (2022). Repair of the Injured Spinal Cord by Schwann Cell Transplantation. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.800513"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghosh, M., and Pearse, D.D. (2023). Schwann Cell-Derived Exosomal Vesicles: A Promising Therapy for the Injured Spinal Cord. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417317"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopf, A., Schaefer, D.J., Kalbermatten, D.F., Guzman, R., and Madduri, S. (2020). Schwann Cell-Like Cells: Origin and Usability for Repair and Regeneration of the Peripheral and Central Nervous System. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9091990"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.2000.0948","article-title":"Inhibitory proteoglycan immunoreactivity is higher at the caudal than the rostral Schwann cell graft-transected spinal cord interface","volume":"17","author":"Plant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02844-y","article-title":"The Struggle to Make CNS Axons Regenerate: Why Has It Been so Difficult?","volume":"45","author":"Fawcett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.0083b.x","article-title":"Neurotrophic factors, cellular bridges and gene therapy for spinal cord injury","volume":"533","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akram, R., Anwar, H., Javed, M.S., Rasul, A., Imran, A., Malik, S.A., Raza, C., Khan, I.U., Sajid, F., and Iman, T. (2022). Axonal Regeneration: Underlying Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123186"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03590-7","article-title":"Unleashing Axonal Regeneration Capacities: Neuronal and Non-neuronal Changes After Injuries to Dorsal Root Ganglion Neuron Central and Peripheral Axonal Branches","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6402","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1492-04.2004","article-title":"Combinatorial therapy with neurotrophins and cAMP promotes axonal regeneration beyond sites of spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9713","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0734-06.2006","article-title":"Neurotrophin-3 gradients established by lentiviral gene delivery promote short-distance axonal bridging beyond cellular grafts in the injured spinal cord","volume":"26","author":"Taylor","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.01.021","article-title":"Intraspinal microinjection of chondroitinase ABC following injury promotes axonal regeneration out of a peripheral nerve graft bridge","volume":"211","author":"Tom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00970-3","article-title":"Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated neurotrophin gene transfer in the injured adult rat spinal cord improves hind-limb function","volume":"118","author":"Blits","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22780","article-title":"Axon growth and synaptic function: A balancing act for axonal regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in CNS trauma and disease","volume":"80","author":"Kiyoshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.224359","article-title":"A growing field: The regulation of axonal regeneration by Wnt signaling","volume":"13","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.02.001","article-title":"GDNF modifies reactive astrogliosis allowing robust axonal regeneration through Schwann cell-seeded guidance channels after spinal cord injury","volume":"229","author":"Deng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"197","article-title":"Peripheral nerve grafts promoting central nervous system regeneration after spinal cord injury in the primate","volume":"96","author":"Levi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.12.034","article-title":"A re-assessment of the consequences of delayed transplantation of olfactory lamina propria following complete spinal cord transection in rats","volume":"198","author":"Steward","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.314299","article-title":"Barriers to axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury: A current perspective","volume":"17","author":"Kwiecien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"100235","article-title":"Neuroplasticity and regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"15","author":"Punjani","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Am. Spine Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.382230","article-title":"Regenerative medicine strategies for chronic complete spinal cord injury","volume":"19","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1195","article-title":"The injured spinal cord spontaneously forms a new intraspinal circuit in adult rats","volume":"7","author":"Bareyre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1682","article-title":"Recovery of supraspinal control of stepping via indirect propriospinal relay connections after spinal cord injury","volume":"14","author":"Courtine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0280-3","article-title":"The translational landscape in spinal cord injury: Focus on neuroplasticity and regeneration","volume":"15","author":"Hutson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819410-2.00017-5","article-title":"Neuroplasticity of spinal cord injury and repair","volume":"184","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.05.006","article-title":"Concepts and methods for the study of axonal regeneration in the CNS","volume":"74","author":"Tuszynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3102007","article-title":"Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: Spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury and statistical power needed for therapeutic clinical trials","volume":"45","author":"Fawcett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spinal Cord."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T.Y., Park, C., Zhang, H., Rahimpour, S., Murphy, K.R., Goodwin, C.R., Karikari, I.O., Than, K.D., Shaffrey, C.I., and Foster, N. (2021). Management of Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Literature. Front. Surg., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.698736"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20968","article-title":"Gene delivery to the spinal cord: Comparison between lentiviral, adenoviral, and retroviral vector delivery systems","volume":"84","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17138","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2851-13.2013","article-title":"Partial restoration of cardiovascular function by embryonic neural stem cell grafts after complete spinal cord transection","volume":"33","author":"Hou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0024-6","article-title":"Peripheral nerve grafts support regeneration after spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"Cote","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurother. J. Am. Soc. Exp. NeuroTherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"257","article-title":"Neurotrophins BDNF and NT-3 promote axonal re-entry into the distal host spinal cord through Schwann cell-seeded mini-channels","volume":"13","author":"Bamber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80681-9","article-title":"Prior exposure to neurotrophins blocks inhibition of axonal regeneration by MAG and myelin via a cAMP-dependent mechanism","volume":"22","author":"Cai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14661","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251543398","article-title":"Neurotrophins are key mediators of the myelination program in the peripheral nervous system","volume":"98","author":"Chan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1403.007","article-title":"A select combination of neurotrophins enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery following spinal cord injury","volume":"1122","author":"Sharma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.11.003","article-title":"The protean actions of neurotrophins and their receptors on the life and death of neurons","volume":"28","author":"Kalb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00188-2","article-title":"Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-enriched bridging transplants promote propriospinal axonal regeneration and enhance myelination after spinal cord injury","volume":"183","author":"Iannotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018511425126","article-title":"Axon-glial relationships in early CNS-PNS transitional zone development: An ultrastructural study","volume":"26","author":"Fraher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01044-2","article-title":"Maturation of the mammalian dorsal root entry zone\u2014From entry to no entry","volume":"20","author":"Golding","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000111650","article-title":"The fate of Schwann cells transplanted in the brain during development","volume":"14","author":"Lapie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050707","article-title":"Transplantation of sciatic nerve segments into normal and glia-depleted spinal cords","volume":"125","author":"Sims","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7154","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1184-07.2007","article-title":"FGF\/heparin differentially regulates Schwann cell and olfactory ensheathing cell interactions with astrocytes: A role in astrocytosis","volume":"27","author":"Fairless","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.05.014","article-title":"CNS injury, glial scars, and inflammation: Inhibitory extracellular matrices and regeneration failure","volume":"209","author":"Fitch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15173","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3441-11.2011","article-title":"Transforming growth factor alpha transforms astrocytes to a growth-supportive phenotype after spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.06.012","article-title":"TGF-alpha increases astrocyte invasion and promotes axonal growth into the lesion following spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"214","author":"White","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9282","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2120-04.2004","article-title":"Astrocyte-associated fibronectin is critical for axonal regeneration in adult white matter","volume":"24","author":"Tom","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406298336","article-title":"Astroglial cells in development, regeneration, and repair","volume":"13","author":"Vaccarino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199410000-00011","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes express the embryonic intermediate neurofilament nestin","volume":"5","author":"Clarke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6147","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06147.2001","article-title":"Inactivation of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene, but not that of vimentin, improves neuronal survival and neurite growth by modifying adhesion molecule expression","volume":"21","author":"Menet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/13\/1160\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:11:31Z","timestamp":1760109091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/13\/1160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells13131160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13131160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]}}}